1517: Lutero affigge le sue tesi all'universit d

1
AMLEIDE

• Viaggio intorno a Shakespeare

2
TRE DATE

• 1492 nuovi mondi, mobilità
• 1517 Lutero affigge le sue tesi alluniversità
  di Wittenberg, Riforma Protestante
• 1546 Copernico pubblica il suo Trattato, viene
  definitivamente archiviato il sistema tolemaico.

3
John Donne

• And new philosophy calls all in doubt,The
  element of fire is quite put out,The sun is
  lost, and th'earth, and no man's witCan well
  direct him where to look for it.And freely men
  confess that this world's spent,When in the
  planets and the firmamentThey seek so many new
  they see that thisIs crumbled out again to his
  atomies.'Tis all in pieces, all coherence
  gone,All just supply, and all relationPrince,
  subject, father, son, are things forgot,For
  every man alone thinks he hath gotTo be a
  phoenix, and that then can beNone of that kind,
  of which he is, but he.

4
Lancaster York
1485 Enrico VII Tudor
5
Dopo Enrico VII

• Enrico VIII Tudor
• 1534 Atto di Supremazia
• Scisma anglicano

6
Elisabetta I Tudor
7
IL REGNO DI ELISABETTA I

• 1558-1603 inurbamento, Londra diventa una
  metropoli
• Grande impulso alle arti 1576 viene fondato il
  Theatre, il primo teatro di Londra
• 1581 Francis Drake torna dal giro del mondo
• 1584 primo insediamento in Virginia
• 1588 sconfitta dellInvincibile Armata
• 1600 nasce la East India Company.

8
ASPETTI PROBLEMATICI

• Complotti e ostilità
• la peste
• la guerra con la Spagna
• i conflitti religiosi.

9
Il teatro al tempo di Shakespeare

• Guardiamo questo filmato
• (da Shakespeare in Love di Tom Stoppard)

10
La struttura del teatro

• Osserviamo bene questo

11
Il Teatro e il pubblico.

• Il palcoscenico e il pubblico.
• Lingresso degli spettatori.
• La reazione del pubblico.

12
William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

• Viene da un villaggio periferico
  Stratford-Upon-Avon
• Va a Londra e inizia a lavorare come attore nei
  teatri pubblici
• Inizia a scrivere per il teatro e suscita
  linvidia degli University Wits, ma non pubblica
  i testi teatrali
• Pubblica invece sonetti e poemi.

13
William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Come conosciamo
il suo teatro

• Heminge e Condell pubblicano lIn Folio del 1623
  (First Folio), con quasi tutte le opere di
  Shakespeare
• I curatori, che sono attori, raccolgono il
  materiale copie pirata, copioni degli attori,
  prompt books
• Gli studiosi, dal 700 in poi, confrontano le
  diverse versioni (In Folio, In Quarto)
• Si pubblica una edizione critica, corredata di
  introduzione, note, commenti
• Per la datazione si ricorre a riferimenti interni
  ed esterni alle opere (Palladis Tamia di Francis
  Meres, 1598, Stationers Register, diari di
  viaggio e così via).

14
HAMLET

• The Tragedy of Hamlet,
• Prince of Denmark
• By William Shakespeare.

15
Hamlet, il setting.

• È ambientato in Danimarca
• In un tempo lontano, il medioevo
• È ispirato ad una storia vera
• Si rifà alle cronache o narrazioni precedenti
  (Ur-Hamlet, Saxo Gramaticus Historiae Danicae
  Belleforest Histoires Tragiques)
• È stato scritto intorno al 1601
• Appartiene al genere Revenge Tragedy, (Tragedia
  di vendetta)
• Tragedia perché il vendicatore deve essere un
  personaggio tragico.

16
PERSONAGGI PRIMARI

• HAMLET, Prince of Denmark, son of the late King
  Hamlet and of Gertrude,
• HORATIO, a poor scholar, friend and confidant of
  Hamlet,
• GHOST of Hamlets dead father,
• CLAUDIUS, King of Denmark, brother of the late
  King Hamlet,
• GERTRUDE, Queen of Denmark, widow of the late
  King Hamlet and now the wife of his brother
  Claudius.

17
Altri personaggi importanti

• POLONIUS, Counsellor to the King,
• LAERTES, his son,
• OPHELIA, his daughter,
• ROSENCRANTZ and GUILDENSTERN, Courtiers, old
  school fellows of Hamlet,
• FRANCISCO, BARNARDO and MARCELLUS, soldiers,
• FORTINBRAS, Prince of Norway,
• A group of PLAYERS.

18
Cosa vedremo

• Brani di film tratti da
• Hamlet, Kenneth Branagh, 1996, con Kenneth
  Branagh, Kate Winslet, Robin Williams, Billy
  Crystal, Jack Lemmon, Julie Christie, Charlton
  Heston, durata quattro o due ore
• Hamlet, Franco Zeffirelli, 1990, con Mel Gibson,
  Glenn Close, Helena Bonham-Carter, durata 2 ore
  circa.

19
ACT I

• La scena di apertura larrivo dello spettro
• (il linguaggio che crea il mondo)
• Atto I, scena 2 la sala del trono
• (libertà di movimento)
• Atto I, Scena 4 il racconto dello spettro
• (ambiguità sensazionalismo)
• Atto I, scena 5 il giuramento
• (il linguaggio di Amleto)

20

• HAMLET Ah, ha, boy! say'st thou so? art thou
  there,truepenny?Come on--you hear this fellow
  in the cellarage--Consent to swear.
• HORATIO Propose the oath, my lord.
• HAMLET Never to speak of this that you have
  seen,Swear by my sword.
• Ghost Beneath Swear.
• HAMLET Hic et ubique? then we'll shift our
  ground.Come hither, gentlemen,And lay your
  hands again upon my swordNever to speak of this
  that you have heard,Swear by my sword.
• Ghost Beneath Swear.
• HAMLET Well said, old mole! canst work i' the
  earth so fast?A worthy pioner! Once more remove,
  good friends.
• HORATIO O day and night, but this is wondrous
  strange!
• HAMLET And therefore as a stranger give it
  welcome.There are more things in heaven and
  earth, Horatio,Than are dreamt of in your
  philosophy.

21
ACT I, scene 2 (Claudius)

• KING CLAUDIUS Though yet of Hamlet our dear
  brother's deathThe memory be green, and that it
  us befittedTo bear our hearts in grief, and our
  whole kingdomTo be contracted in one brow of
  woe,Yet so far hath discretion fought with
  natureThat we with wisest sorrow think on
  himTogether with remembrance of
  ourselves.Therefore our sometime sister, now our
  queen,Thimperial jointress to this warlike
  state,Have we, as 'twere with a defeated joy,
• With an auspicious and a dropping eye,With
  mirth in funeral and with dirge in marriage,In
  equal scale weighing delight and dole,Taken to
  wife.

22
ACT II, scene 2 (Polonio)

• POLONIUS () My liege, and madam, to
  expostulateWhat majesty should be, what duty
  is,Why day is day, night night, and time is
  time,Were nothing but to waste night, day and
  time.Therefore, since brevity is the soul of
  wit,And tediousness the limbs and outward
  flourishes,I will be brief. Your noble son is
  mad.Mad call I it, for, to define true
  madness,What is't but to be nothing else but
  mad?But let that go.
• QUEEN GERTRUDE More matter with less art.
• LORD POLONIUS Madam, I swear I use no art at
  all.That he is mad 'tis true 'tis true 'tis
  pityAnd pity 'tis 'tis true. A foolish figure--
• But farewell it, for I will use no art.Mad let
  us grant him, then. And now remainsThat we find
  out the cause of this effect,Or rather say the
  cause of this defect,For this effect defective
  comes by cause.Thus it remains, and the
  remainder thus. Perpend.

23
ACT II

• Atto II La finta pazzia di Amleto
• arrivo di Rosencrantz e Guildenstern
• arrivo degli attori
• il re e la regina fanno spiare Amleto.

24
ACT II, scene 2

• HAMLET () I have of late but wherefore I know
  not -- lost all my mirth, forgone all custom of
  exercises and indeed it goes so heavilywith my
  disposition that this goodly frame, the earth,
  seems to me a sterile promontory, this most
  excellent canopy, the air, look you, this brave
  o'erhanging firmament, this majestical roof
  fretted with golden fire, why, it appeareth
  nothing to me than a foul and pestilent
  congregation of vapours. What a piece of work is
  a man, how noble in reason, how infinite in
  faculties, in form and moving how express and
  admirable, in action how like an angel, in
  apprehension how like a god the beauty of the
  world, the paragon of animals-- and yet, to me,
  what is this quintessence of dust? Man delights
  not me no, nor woman neither, though by your
  smiling you seem to say so.

25
Atto III

• Atto III, scena 1
• essere o non essere
• to be or not to be

26
ACT III, scene 1 (Amleto e Ofelia)

• OPHELIA Good my lord,How does your honour for
  this many a day?
• HAMLET I humbly thank you well, well, well.
• OPHELIA My lord, I have remembrances of
  yours,That I have longed long to redeliverI
  pray you, now receive them.
• HAMLET No, not II never gave you aught.
• OPHELIA My honour'd lord, you know right well you
  didAnd, with them, words of so sweet breath
  composedAs made the things more rich. Their
  perfume lost,Take these again for to the noble
  mindRich gifts wax poor when givers prove
  unkind.There, my lord.

27

• Atto III, scena 2 play-within-the-play
• Atto III, scena 4 Amleto convince la madre, per
  errore uccide Polonio.
• Atto IV Il Re manda Amleto in Inghilterra,
  Ofelia impazzisce e muore, Amleto torna grazie ad
  un arrembaggio pirata.
• Atto V, scena 2 complotto tra il Re e Laerte,
  duello finale.

28

• I am dead, Horatio. Wretched Queen, adieu!
• You that look pale and tremble at this chance,
• That are but mutes or audience to this act,
• Had I but time () O, I could tell you
• But let it be. Horatio, I am dead
• Thou livst report me and my cause aright
• To the unsatisfied. ()
• But I do prophesy theelection lights
• On Fortinbras. He has my dying voice.
• () The rest is silence.