The Indirect Object Transformation

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The Indirect Object Transformation

• Maria gave a gift to George.
• Maria gave George a gift.
•  
• NP MVP NP(DO) PP
• NP MVP NP(IO) NP(DO)
•  
• The NP acting as Object of the Preposition IO

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The Transformation

• Maria gave a gift to George.
• Move the object of the preposition to or for to a
  position immediately following the transitive
  verb.
• Maria gave George a gift to.
• 2. Delete the preposition to or for.
• Maria gave George a gift.

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The Passive Transformation

• The boy kicked Dr. Stevens.
• Insert by at the end of the sentence, and move
  the subject (agent) to the end.
• Kicked Dr. Stevens by the boy.
• 2. Move the DO or IO to the beginning of the
  sentence.
• (If a DO is moved and an IO existed, then put to
  or for in front of the IO.)
• Dr. Stevens kicked by the boy.

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• 3. Insert a form of BE before the verb and change
  the verb to past participle form. (The form of
  BE takes the tense.)
• Dr. Stevens was kicked by the boy.
• 4. The PP at the end may be deleted.
• Dr. Stevens was kicked.

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Why use the passive?

• 1. The agent is unknown.
• My car was broken into this morning.
• 2. The agent is unimportant.
• Bonds was hit by three wild pitches last
• season.
• 3. The writer wants to avoid placing blame.
• Mistakes were made.
• 4. The recipient is the real topic.
• My apartment was burglarized twice last
• month.

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5. To put given information first, new
information last.

• My cousin has had terrible luck lately. Just
  last week, a drunk driver hit him while he was
  crossing the street. Then, a former partner sued
  him.
• My cousin has had terrible luck lately. Just
  last week, he was hit by a drunk driver while he
  was crossing the street. Then, he was sued by a
  former partner.

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The Negative Transformation

• Sentences with Auxiliaries
• -NOT is inserted after the first auxiliary verb.
• We will surrender to defeat.
• We will not surrender to defeat.
•  
• Sentences with BE as the MV
• -NOT is inserted after BE.
• We are sad about leaving.
• We are not sad about leaving.

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• Sentences without Auxiliaries or BE as MV
• -Insert a form of DO, then NOT.
• They enjoyed the picnic.
• They did not enjoy the picnic.

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Double Negatives

• Double negatives are possible in English
• He was not insincere.
• But they are considered in error when two
  negatives are meant to emphasize the negative
  nature
• I did not get none of the cake.

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Yes/No Questions

• Sentences with Auxiliaries
• -Move the first auxiliary verb to the front of
  the sentence.
• She will arrive late.
• Will she arrive late?
• Sentences with BE as the MV
• -Move the form of BE to the front of the
  sentence.
• He is a good student.
• Is he a good student?
•  

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• Sentences without Auxiliaries or BE as MV
• 1. Insert a form of DO.
• 2. Move the form of DO to the front of the
  sentence.
• She often worked late.
• She often did work late.
• Did she often work late?

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Negative Yes/No Questions

• 1. Perform the Yes/No Question Transformation.
• 2. Insert NOT after the first auxiliary verb.
• She often worked late.
• Did she often work late?
• Didnt she often work late?

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Wh-Questions

• who, whom, what, when, where, why, how, which,
  and whose
•  

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• I will punish someone for this incident.
• If there is an auxiliary or BE as the main verb,
  move the first auxiliary verb or BE to the front
  of the sentence. (Otherwise, insert DO at the
  front of the sentence.)
• Will I punish someone for this incident.
• 2. Substitute an interrogative word for the
  constituent representing unknown information.
• Will I punish who for this incident.
• 3. Move the interrogative word (and any words
  that have to go with it) to the front of the
  sentence.
• Who will I punish for this incident?

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Imperative Transformation

• 1. Delete the subject you.
• 2. Turn all verbs into the base form (esp. BE).
• You shut that door.
• Shut that door.
• You are silent.
• Be silent.

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Diagram these sentences

• Exercise 8.1, 1 5 (p. 238)
• Exercise 8.4, 6 (p. 245)
• Exercise 8.10, 1 2 (p. 258)
• Exercise 8.11, 4 5 (p. 260)
• Exercise 8.13, 1 3 (p. 268)