The Respiratory System

1
The Respiratory System

• Major Topics for Discussion
• Diseases of the bronchi and bronchioles
• Respiratory infections
• Diffuse alveolar damage (ARDS)
• Obstructive pulmonary diseases
• Pneumoconioses (eg asbestosis)
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Neoplasia

2
(No Transcript)
3

• Mechanisms for trapping particles entering the
  respiratory system
• Nasal cavity
• Mucociliary ladder
• Alveolar macrophages

4
Atelectasis collapse of expanded lung
5
Bronchiectasis Dilation of bronchi due to
collapse fibrosis of pulmonary parenchymal
tissue
6
Respiratory Infections

• Bacterial pneumonia
• Tuberculosis (TB)
• Fungal infections
• Viral pneumonia

7
Lobar Pneumonia (eg Streptococcus pneumoniae)
8
Scattered foci of bronchopneumonia..
9
Stages in the Resolution of Bacterial Pneumonia

• Edema
• Red hepatization
• Grey hepatization

10
Purulent exudate (neutrophils) in alveolar air
spaces
11
TB

• Granuloma
• Caseous necrosis
• Ghon complex

12
Necrotizing TB granuloma with central caseation
13
Secondary Tuberculosis - Cavitary Tuberculosis
14
Ziehl-Neelsen Stain for Mycobacteria
15
Pulmonary Aspirgillosis (Fungus)
16
Aspirgillus Fungal Ball
17
Pathogenesis of Interstitial Pneumonia
18
(No Transcript)
19
Pulmonary Abscess
20
Diffuse Alveolar Damage (Respiratory Distress
Syndrome)
21
Pathogenesis of Diffuse Alveolar Damage
22
Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD) with Hyaline
Membranes
23
Diffuse Alveolar Damage - Organizing Phase
24
Goodpasture Syndrome (Intra-Alveolar Hemorrhage)
25
Evidence of anti-basement membrane antibody in
patients with Goodpasture syndrome.
26
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

• Chronic Bronchitis
• Emphysema
• Asthma

27
Chronic Bronchitis

• Morphological changes in lungs of patients with
  chronic bronchitis.
• Hypertrophy
• Hyperplasia
• Metaplasia

28
Emphysema

• Smoking
• Role of neutrophils
• Elastase release
• Destruction of elastic tissue
• Loss of alveoli

29
Types of Emphysema
30
Panacinar Emphysema
31
Panacinar Emphysema
32
Panacinar Emphysema
33
Asthma

• Common episodic
• Hypersensitivity
• Mast cells
• Histamine release
• Bronchoconstriction

34
Vascular Changes in Pulmonary Hypertension
35
Pneumoconeoses

• Anthrosilicosis
• Asbestosis
• Honeycomb Lung
• Mesothelioma

36
(No Transcript)
37
(No Transcript)
38
Silicosis (Foreign Body Granuloma)
39
Anthrasilicosis (Coal Miner Lung Disease)
40
Asbestosis (Ferruginous Bodies)
41
Pleural Plaque on the Diaphragm of Patient with a
History of Asbestos Exposure
42
Neoplasia (Lung Cancer)

• Mesothelioma
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• Adenocarcinoma
• Metastatic Lung Cancer

43
Malignant Mesothelioma (asbestos smoking are
risk factors)
44
?
45
Lung cancer
What causes this?
46
(No Transcript)
47
(No Transcript)
48
Are their other complications of smoking?
49
Emphysema (destruction of air spaces)
50
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
51
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
52
Metastasis (spread) of Lung Cancer
Liver Mets
53
Metastatic Lung Cancer
54
Path Key Words

• Adenocarcinoma
• Adult respiratory distress syndrome
• Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
• Asbestosis
• Asthma
• Atelectasis
• Bronchiectasis
• Chronic bronchitis

• Cigarette smoking
• Emphysema
• Mesothelioma
• Metastatic cancer
• Pulmonary abscess
• Silicosis
• Small cell carcinoma
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Tuberculosis