Blood

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Blood

• Presented by
• Lizeth Acevedo
• Christina Ormiston
• Elsa Rodriguez
• Tim Baylink

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Blood
The Circulating Tissue of the body. The Fluid
and Cells that are circulated through the heart,
arteries, capillaries, and veins. Blood is the
means by which 1) oxygen and nutrients are
transported to the tissues, and 2) carbon dioxide
and waste products are removed for excretion.
Blood consists of a pale yellow fluid, plasma,
in which Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes), White
Blood Cells (leukocytes), and Platelets are
suspended.
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Blood has Two Phases

• 1) Liquid - Plasma
• Water
• Clotting factors
• Proteins (including albumin)
• 2) Solid - Cells
• RBCs
• WBCs
• Platelets

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Blood has Three Layers

• Plasma - 55
• WBC/Platelets - 1
• RBC - 44

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What is Blood? Fluid and Particles

• Fluid Component
• Plasma - Pale Fluid
• H2O - 91
• Clotting Factors
• Proteins (albumin) - 7
• Particle Component/Solid Phase
• RBC - A-nuclear Biconcave Discs
• WBC - Immune Modulators
• Platelets - Clot Formation

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• Blood has Two Phases
• Liquid - Plasma
• Solid Cells Platelets

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Plasma

• Plasma
• Liquid portion of blood
• 91 water
• Remaining 9 is composed of over 100 different
  substances
• Nutrients
• Salts
• Respiratory gases
• Hormones
• Plasma proteins
• Various wastes/products of cell metabolism

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What does Blood do?

• Transports O2 and nutrients materials are to the
• Removes carbon dioxide and metabolic waste
  products from tissues for excretion
• WBC provide immunity by directly engulfing
  pathogens or destroying them with toxic granules

Phagocytosis Animation
http//www.sp.uconn.edu/terry/Common/phago053.htm
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Erythrocyte (RBC) The Functional Unit

• Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
• Composition/Structure
• Biconcave discs - squeeze through capillaries
  (site of gas exchange)
• Do not have a nucleus - takes up space. No
  nucleus No cancer
• Few organelles - basically sacs of hemoglobin
  (millions per RBC)
• Function
• Carries oxygen in blood to all cells of body
• Life Span
• RBCs live about 120 days before they rupture and
  release hemoglobin that is broken down into
  bilirubin - excreted in urine and stool.

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What Color is Blood?
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Hemoglobin
Proof of the Presence of Iron
An Iron-containing protein - there are 4 Fe atoms
per Hgb molecule - Each Fe binds one O2
molecule (two oxygen atoms) Hgb binds CO, O2, and
CO2 w/ varying strengths (affinity) - CO -
Highest Affinity (200 times, essentially
irreversible) - O2 - High Affinity - CO2 -
Weak Affinity
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CO Poisoning
O2 is displaced and CO remains bound to Hgb
permanently.
Death results from asphyxia. Tissues remain
bright red b/c Hgb molecule is permanently in
Red Formation.
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SSA
Normal
Sickle Cell
Normal
Embolic Events
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Sickle Cell Anemia - A genetic disorder caused
by sickle hemoglobin (Hgb S). The red blood cells
change shape upon deoxygenation. This process
damages the cell membrane and causes the cells to
stipple (fold in on itself). Now sickle shaped,
these RBCs can easily embolize (get stuck in
blood vessels). This deprives downstream tissues
of oxygen, causes ischemia and infarction. The
disease is chronic and lifelong. Patients lives
are punctuated by periodic painful attacks.
There may be damage of internal organs (MI,
stroke). Lifespan is usually shortened to an
average of 40 years. Sickle-cell disease occurs
more commonly in people (or their descendants)
from parts of the world, such as sub-Saharan
Africa, where malaria is or was common. However
Sickle-cell disease is genetic and can occur in
any individual of any color or ethnicity.
Normal RBC
Sickle Cell RBC
Embolic Events
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Anemia
Any condition where there is a less than normal
amount of 1) the number of red blood cells, or
2) the amount of hemoglobin. Clinically, anemia
is manifested by pallor, shortness of breath,
palpitations, lethargy, and fatigability.
For Exam Anemia ? RBC (or) ? Hgb
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Causes of Anemia

• Loss
• Bleeding
• Renal Failure - kidneys leak
• Production Failure
• Iron Deficiency
• B12, Folic Acid Deficiency
• Aplastic Anemia

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Treatment of Anemia

• Loss
• Bleeding - Stop it
• Renal Failure - Replacement
• Production Failure
• Iron Deficiency - FeSO4
• B12, Folic Acid Deficiency - B12, Folate
• Aplastic Anemia - Epogen

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Do RBCs get Cancer?
No. They cant b/c they have no nuclei. Without
a nucleus, cells will not divide. And because
cellular division gone wild defines cancer, it
would be impossible for a cell who cannot divide
to become cancerous. RBCs are essentially thin
sacks containing as much hemoglobin as possible
and nothing else.
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Do WBCs get Cancer?
If a cell has a nucleus, it can undergo malignant
transformation. What is cancer of WBCs called?
Leukemia.
ALL
AML Undifferentiated
Normal
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Blood Types
Before any patient goes to the OR, even under
emergent conditions, an order for a Type
Cross is ordered. Blood transfusions are very
safe now. There is no better way to get oxygen
to tissues than to increase Red Cell Volume. You
can pump O2 into their airways all day long, but
without the boxcars, its going nowhere. Who
is the Universal Donor? Who is the Universal
Recipient?
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Blood Types
Universal Donor
Universal Recipient
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Winner!2006 Tour de France
Victory
The Spoils of Victory
but wait a minute...there might be a little
problem...
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Dope
It turns out that... Landis got a little help
from his friends
Uh Oh!
Lance never doped!
Erythropoietin (Epogen) is a naturally occurring
hormone (kidney) that stimulates RBC production.
It is used in patients who have anemia from renal
failure. By increasing Hgb, one increases their
oxygen carrying capacity, and therefore they are
more efficient athletically.
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Tour de France
Perhaps the Greatest American of All Time
Armstrong said Nope to Dope, (and to the
French).