The Current Status

1
The Current Status

• NASA Strategic Enterprises
• Space Commerce
• Space Defense

2
NASA Strategic Enterprises

• Aerospace Technology
• Biological and Physical Research
• Earth Science
• Human Exploration and Development of Space
• Space Science

3
Aerospace Technology

• The mission of this Enterprise is to pioneer the
  identification, development, verification,
  transfer, application and commercialization of
  high-payoff aeronautics and space transportation
  technologies. The Enterprise is managed by the
  Office of Aerospace Technology.

4
Aerospace Technology Programs

• Revolutionize Aviation
• Aviation Safety
• Airspace Systems
• Vehicle Systems
• Advance Space Transportation
• 2nd Generation Reusable Launch Vehicle
• Space Transfer Launch Technology
• Pioneer Revolutionary Technology
• Computing, Information Communication Tech.
• Engineering for Complex Systems
• Enabling Concepts Technologies  

5
Biological and Physical Research

• The mission of this Enterprise is to conduct
  basic and applied research to support human
  exploration of space and to take advantage of the
  space environment as a laboratory for scientific,
  technological, and commercial research.
• NASA's Office of Biological and Physical Research
  (OBPR) creates unique cross-disciplinary research
  programs, bringing the basic sciences of physics,
  biology, and chemistry together with a wide range
  of engineering disciplines.
• The Enterprise asks questions that are basic to
  our future
• How can human existence expand beyond the home
  planet to achieve maximum benefits from space?
• How do fundamental laws of nature shape the
  evolution of life?

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OBPR Programs

• Advanced Human Support Technology Program
• Biomedical Research and Countermeasures Program
• Biomolecular Physics and Chemistry Program
• Biotechnology and Earth-based Applications
  Program
• Fundamental Microgravity Research in the Physical
  Sciences
• Fundamental Space Biology Program
• Radiation Research Program
• Space Product Development Program

7
Earth Science

• The mission of this Enterprise, formerly the
  Mission to Planet Earth Enterprise, is to use the
  unique vantage point of space to provide
  information about Earth's environment that is
  obtainable in no other way.
• In concert with research and industry partners,
  the Enterprise is developing the understanding
  needed to support the complex environmental
  policy and economic investment decisions that lie
  ahead.
• The Earth Science Enterprise is managed by the
  Office of Earth Science.

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Recent Earth Science Missions

• .
• 2001
• GOES-M 7/12
• JASON-1 12/7
• SAGE-3 12/10
• 2002
• NOAA-M 3/6
• GRACE  3/17
• AQUA   4/26
• Vegetat 5/1
• SORCE   7/31
• Seawind 11/1
• ICESat 12/1

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Human Exploration and Development of Space

• The mission of this Enterprise is to open the
  space frontier by exploring, using and enabling
  the development of space and to expand the human
  experience into the far reaches of space.
• The enterprise is managed by the Office of Space
  Flight whose programs provide
• Safe, assured transportation to and from space
  for people and payloads
• Develop and operate habitable space facilities to
  enhance scientific knowledge, support technology
  development, and enable commercial activity.

10
Space Science

• The mission of the Space Science Enterprise is
• To solve mysteries of the universe,
• To explore the solar system, discover planets
  around other stars
• To search for life beyond Earth from origins to
  destiny
• To chart the evolution of the universe and
  understand its galaxies, stars, planets, and
  life.
• The Space Science Enterprise is managed by the
  Office of Space Science.

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Space Science Missions in Operation

• ACE    Cassini    Chandra    Cluster    FAST   
  FUSE    Galileo    Genesis    Geotail   
  HETE-2    Hubble    IMAGE    MAP    Mars Global
  Surveyor    Mars Odyssey    Nozomi    Polar   
  RHESSI    RXTE    SAMPEX    SOHO    Stardust   
  Starshine    SWAS    TIMED    TRACE    Ulysses   
  Voyager    Wind    XMM    Yohkoh

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Search for Origins - 1

• Questions Addressed
• How did the first galaxies form?
• How do stars and planetary systems form?
• Are there any planets outside our solar system
  that are capable of sustaining life?
• How did life originate on Earth?
• Is there life (however primitive or evolved)
  outside our solar system?

www.nasa.gov
13
Search for Origins - 2

• Current Missions
• Hubble Space Telescope (HST) which was recently
  serviced (and will be again in the future) to add
  new, more capable cameras.
• Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE)
• Stratospheric Observatory for Far Infrared
  Astronomy(SOFIA)
• Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF)

14
Structure and Evolution of the Universe 1

• Quests
• To explain the nature of the Universe and
  forecast our cosmic destiny
• To explore the cycles of matter and energy in the
  evolving Universe
• To explore the ultimate limits of gravity and
  energy in the Universe

www.nasa.gov
15
Structure and Evolution of the Universe 2

• Missions
• Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE)
• Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics
  (ASCA)
• ASCA (formerly named Astro-D) is Japan's fourth
  cosmic X-ray astronomy mission
• BeppoSAX
• The acronym SAX stands for "Satellite per
  Astronomia X", Italian for "X-Ray Astronomy
  Satellite".
• Chandra X-ray Observatory (formerly AXAF)
• Chandra was formerly known as AXAF, the Advanced
  X-ray Astrophysics Facility
• Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO)
• CGRO was deorbited on in 2001 due to the failure
  of gyro 3.

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Structure and Evolution of the Universe 3

• Missions
• Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE)
• The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) is a
  NASA-funded astronomy mission operating in the
  relatively unexplored extreme ultraviolet (70-760
  Å) band
• Halca (formerly VSOP)
• The VSOP project will allow imaging of
  astronomical radio sources with a significantly
  improved resolution over ground-only observations
• Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE)
• RXTE is designed to look at cosmic X-ray sources
  at short timescales over a broad energy range.
• Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS)
• SWAS is a NASA Small Explorer Project (SMEX)
  designed to study the chemical composition of
  interstellar gas clouds.
• X-ray Multi-mirror Mission (XMM)
• The European Space Agency's X-ray Multi-Mirror
  satellite will be the most powerful X-ray
  telescope ever placed in orbit.

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Exploration of the Solar System 1

• Goals
• Understand the nature and history of our Solar
  System, and what makes Earth similar to and
  different from its planetary neighbors
• Understand the origin and evolution of life on
  Earth
• Understand the external forces, including comet
  and asteroid impacts, that affect life and the
  habitability of Earth
• Identify locales and resources for future human
  habitation within the solar system
• Understand how life may originate and persist
  beyond Earth and
• Make the solar system a part of the human
  experience in the same way that Earth is, and
  hence lay the groundwork for human expansion into
  the solar system in the coming century.

www.nasa.gov
18
Exploration of the Solar System 2

• Missions
• Discovery Program
• Discovery represents the implementation of NASA's
  vision of planetary missions that are "Faster,
  Better, Cheaper.
• Mars Exploration Program
• NASA and JPL, together with universities,
  industry, and international partners, are
  currently conducting a series of robotic missions
  to Mars with the goal of understanding that
  planet's climate and potential for harboring past
  or present life, and laying the groundwork for
  future human missions to Mars.
• New Millennium Program
• The goal of the New Millennium Program (NMP) is
  to identify and test advanced technologies that
  will provide spacecraft with the capabilities
  they need in order to achieve NASA's vision. NMP
  benefits solar system exploration, astronomical
  missions, and Earth-observing missions.

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The Sun-Earth Connection - 1

• Quests
• Why Does the Sun Vary?
• How Do the Planets Respond to Solar Variability?
• How Do the Sun and Galaxy Interact?
• How Does Solar Variability Affect Life and
  Society?

www.nasa.gov
20
The Sun-Earth Connection - 2

• Missions (Solar Observation)
• Solar B
• Designed to observe the evolution of the surface
  magnetic fields on the Sun.
• STEREO
• Will investigate the eruption and propagation of
  those fields from the Sun to the Earth and the
  associated changes in the local plasma and
  particle environment.
• Missions (Perturbation by the solar wind on
  Geospace.)
• Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) and Magnetotail
  Constellation (MagCon)
• In situ measurements of the outer magnetosphere
  will be provided by
• TIMED and the Geospace Electrodynamic Connections
  (GEC)
• Measure the response of the ITM region.
• Solar Probe
• An Outer Planets Mission, will make the first in
  situ measurements of the solar atmosphere.

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Earth Science - 1

• Atmospheric Chemistry
• What are the causes and impacts of long-term
  climate variability and can we distinguish
  natural from human-induced drivers?
• Hydrological and Energy Cycle
• How can we provide global observations and
  scientific understanding to improve our knowledge
  of the global water cycle?.
• Land Cover/Land Use
• What is best approach to document and understand
  the trends and patterns of change in regional
  land-cover, biodiversity, and global land use?

www.nasa.gov
22
Earth Science - 2

• Ozone
• How can we best detect changes, causes, and
  consequences of changes in atmospheric ozone?
• Natural Hazards and Solid Earth
• How can we enhance unique ESE remote sensing
  science and technologies to contribute to
  disaster characterization and risk reduction from
  hurricanes, earthquakes, wildfires, volcanoes,
  floods and droughts?
• Climate Variability and Change
• 1.Seasonal Inter-annual Variability
• 2.Long-Term Changes
• Other Related Research

www.nasa.gov
23
Human Exploration and Development of Space (HEDS)
Enterprise

• The four major goals of the HEDS are the
  following
• Increase human knowledge of nature's processes
  using the space environment
• Explore the solar system
• Achieve routine space travel
• Enrich life on Earth through people living and
  working in space

www.nasa.gov
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Microgravity Research Division

• Goals
• To advance and communicate scientific knowledge
  and understanding of Earth, the solar system, the
  universe, and the environment of space for
  research
• To explore, use, and enable the development of
  space for human enterprise
• To research, develop, verify, and transfer
  advanced aeronautics, space, and related
  technologies
• Program areas
• Biotechnology
• Combustion Science
• Fluid Physics and Transport Phenomena
• Fundamental Physics
• Materials Science
• Mars Robotic Mission

www.nasa.gov
25
Office of Aero-Space Technology 1

• Space Access
• The X-33 program
• The X-33 was to be the flagship demonstrator for
  technologies that would dramatically lower the
  cost of access to space. It was planned to be
  unpiloted, taking off vertically like a rocket,
  reaching an altitude of up to 60 miles and speeds
  between Mach 13 and 15 (13-15 times the speed of
  sound), and landing horizontally like an
  airplane. As many as 15 flight tests were
  planned. Unfortunately the program was canceled
  by NASA because of cost growth and current
  technology not being able to meet the X33
  specifications.
• Technology Objective Reduce the payload cost to
  low-Earth orbit by an order of magnitude, from
  10,000 to 1,000 per pound, within 10 years, and
  by an additional order of magnitude within 25
  years.

www.nasa.gov
26
Office of Aero-Space Technology 2

• In-Space Transportation
• Advanced Space Transportation Program
• Space transportation systems of the future will
  feature simpler, lighter weight, low-maintenance
  vehicles that may use alternative energy sources.
  From laser propulsion to antimatter, the Advanced
  Space Transportation Program is experimenting
  with innovative technologies that could transform
  science fiction into scientific fact.
• Technology Objective Reduce the cost of
  inter-orbital transfer by an order of magnitude
  within 15 years, and reduce travel time for
  planetary missions by a factor of two within 15
  years, and by an order of magnitude within 25
  years.

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Commercial Use of Space

• Space commerce is a rapidly growing segment of
  the whole Space Exploration scene.
• Space commerce is carried primarily in the
  following areas
• Communications
• Launch
• Earth Observation
• Navigation

28
Space Commerce

• The Explosion of Commercial Space
• For nearly 40 years, the government has dominated
  the space business
• Today, that picture is changing, and the rate of
  change will become even more dramatic due to a
  variety of factors
• The rapid evolution of information technologies
• The allowance of higher imagery resolution for
  commercial remote sensing
• Fundamental changes in the process and cost of
  satellite manufacturing
• The increased reliability of launches
• An expanding global demand for satellite services
  driven by the information revolution
• Worldwide revenues from space are currently 88
  billion annually, projected to grow to 117
  billion by 2001
• By 2001 commercial revenues may account for 70
  percent of space-industry revenues.

The Explosion of Commercial Space and the
Implications for National Security GEN THOMAS S.
MOORMAN JR., USAF, RETIRED 1998
29
Commerce - Communications - 1

• Communications
• Space-based communications is the giant in space
  commerce
• Globally, governments, business, and individuals
  want to receive more data faster
• Satellites offer an efficient and relatively
  inexpensive means to move large amounts of data
  quickly
• Traditional geosynchronous satellites will
  continue to play a major role commercially
• An average of 33 launches annually to
  geosynchronous orbit over the next decade is
  predicted.

The Explosion of Commercial Space and the
Implications for National Security GEN THOMAS S.
MOORMAN JR., USAF, RETIRED 1998
30
Commerce - Communicatons - 2

• LEO, MEO constellations are proliferating in two
  general areas
• Service the worldwide, two-way, broadband
  multimedia need
• May use very large or fairly small constellations
• E.g. Teledesic (288), Wideband Euro Sat Telecom
  (10), Skybridge (64), and Orblink (7).
• Service worldwide personal-communications service
• US owned large constellations
• Iridium, Globalstar, Ecco, and Ellipso
• Foreign owned large constellations
• ICO Global (a 79-nation consortium), Signal (a
  Russian firm), Euro-African Sat Telecom
  (Matra-Marconi), and Eco 8 (Telebras-Brazil)
• US owned small constellations
• Orbcomm, Gemnet, FaiSat, and Starsys
• Foreign owned small constellations
• Elekon (Russia/Germany), Gonets-D (Russia), Iris
  (Belgium), and Leo One (Mexico)

The Explosion of Commercial Space and the
Implications for National Security GEN THOMAS S.
MOORMAN JR., USAF, RETIRED 1998
31
Commerce - Launch

• Launch
• The space-launch business is changing as
  dramatically as space communications
• From 1975 to 1995, the annual national launch
  rate was about 23
• 75 to 80 percent government
• In next decade launches will increase to 4552 a
  year
• commercial launches will exceed both civil (NASA)
  and those categorized as national security
  (military and intelligence)
• The airplane-launched Pegasus is operational
• Several Foreign launch vehicles are being used
• The ESA Ariane is used, Russian vehicles such as
  the Proton, Zenit, Tsyklon, and Kosmos are now
  available, and the Chinese Long March is an
  option.

The Explosion of Commercial Space and the
Implications for National Security GEN THOMAS S.
MOORMAN JR., USAF, RETIRED 1998
32
Example of Increase in Commercial Launch
Capability
Advance In Performance of Ariane Rocket Engines
over a period of 20 years
33
Commerce - Earth Observation

• Earth Observation
• Commercial systems to observe the earth from
  space is another industry poised to take off
  during the next decade
• this area remained the sole domain of the
  government for many years
• government policy concerning remote sensing was
  one of the hottest space issues of the early
  1990s.
• Resulted in the Land Remote Sensing Act of 1992
• permits companies to apply for licenses to build
  and operate these systems.
• requires companies to maintain tasking records
• authorizes the government to cut off or restrict
  data during times of crisis or conflict.
• Department of Commerce, estimated that this will
  be a 2.65-billion-a-year business by the turn of
  the century
• Uses include environmental monitoring, energy
  (oil and gas) exploration, resource management
  (agricultural and mineral), mapmaking, and
  community and urban planning

The Explosion of Commercial Space and the
Implications for National Security GEN THOMAS S.
MOORMAN JR., USAF, RETIRED 1998
34
Commerce - Navigation

• Navigation
• The evolution of the commercial aspects of space
  navigation is not as clear as the areas
  previously discussed.
• This system was developed for military use and
  initial commercial sales were to small aircraft,
  pleasure boats, and large aircraft.
• The market today and in the future will lie
  overwhelmingly in the consumer sector.
• GPS worldwide sales have grown from about 500
  million in 1993 to 4 billion in 1998 and are
  projected to increase to 16 billion by 2003
• Presidential GPS policy of March 1996
• GPS has been designed as a dual use system with
  the primary purpose of enhancing the
  effectiveness of US and allied military forces.
• As such, the policy reaffirmed DoDs
  responsibility to acquire, operate, and maintain
  GPS

The Explosion of Commercial Space and the
Implications for National Security GEN THOMAS S.
MOORMAN JR., USAF, RETIRED 1998
35
Space Defense

• Surveillance, surface/weather images, missiles,
  radio/radar transmissions, nuclear detonation
• Military
• Intelligence services (CIA, NSA)
• Communication
• Secure geosynchronous satellite links
• LEO constellations (Iridium)
• Navigation
• GPS system
• Ballistic missile defense systems
• Space borne weapons to destroy incoming missiles.