Nationalism

1
Nationalism

• The belief that ones greatest loyalty should not
  be to a king or an empire, but to a nation of
  people who share a common culture and history

2
Nation-state

• When the nation also had its own independent
  government, it became a nation-state

3
Modern nationalism

• and the nation-state grew out of the French
  Revolution
• Revolutionary leaders stressed the equality of
  all French people
• The idea of equality fostered a sense of national
  pride in the French.

4
the links that bind people into a nation-state

• Nationality- a belief in common ethic ancestry
• Language- different dialects of one language- one
  dialect chosen as the "national language"
• Culture- a shared way of life (food, dress,
  behavior, ideals)
• History- a common past, common experiences
• Religion- a religion shared by all or most of the
  people
• Territory- a certain territory that belongs to
  the ethnic group- its "land"

5
Nation-state the role of those in charge

• To defend the nation's territory and its way of
  life
• To represent the nation to the rest of the world
• To embody the people and its ideas.

6
Nationalism weakens empires

• Nationalism worked as a force for disunity,
  shaking centuries-old empires.

7
What was enclosed in the enclosure movement?

• Large land owners bought out smaller farms and
  enclosed them with fences

8
important results of the enclosure movement

• started an agricultural revolution- experimenting
  with new methods.
• displaced farmers moved to the cities, many
  became factory workers. This caused the rapid
  growth of cities and created a large supply of
  workers for the new industries.

9
the improvements in agriculture

• New farming equipment and methods such as crop
  rotation
• new methods of breeding livestock
• The improvements in agriculture resulted in
  increased population. This was due to the
  increase in food supply and living conditions
  improved.

10
the advantages of England

• large population of workers - displaced farmers
• small island nation - good seaports
• available natural resources (another slide)
• transportation resources - canals, road and
  trains.
• The Banks of England

11
available natural resources

• water power and coal to fuel machines
• Many fast flowing streams - flowing water was the
  energy resource for mills and factories.
• iron ore to construct machine, tools and
  buildings.
• rivers for inland transportation,
• harbors from which its merchant ships set sail

12
The Bank of England the worlds first modern bank

• accepted deposits and made loans on a national
  scale
• printed bank notes that were widely accepted as
  substitutes for gold and silver
• 1780 - 1815, the number of banks increased from
  300 to more than 700
• low interest rates

13
Interest

• a fee or charge for using money
• interest rates go down as the supply of money
  increases

14
England had all the factors of production

• Land
• Labor
• capital (wealth)

15
major improvements in transportation

• Canals- human-made waterways. By the mid-1800's
  4,250 miles of inland channels slashed the cost
  of transporting raw materials.
• railroad- a steam engine on wheels drove English
  industry after 1820.
• Created jobs for railroad workers and miners.
• Miners provided iron for the tracks and coal for
  the steam engines
• Boosted agricultural and fishing industries which
  could transport their products to distant cities.

16
The impact of railroads on life in Great Britain

• Encouraged further industrial growth by giving
  manufacturers a fast, cheap way to transport both
  raw materials and finished products.
• provided millions of new jobs.
• gave a further boost to progress in agriculture
• had enormous influence on the attitudes that
  ordinary people had about travel

17
the social and economic effects of
industrialization

• Negatives working conditions, living
  conditions, and class tensions.
• Positives jobs, wealth for nations, fostered
  technological progress and invention, better
  housing, jobs, clothing, food (gradually),
  expanded educational opportunities. Labor
  eventually won higher wages, shorter hours, and
  better working conditions.

18
See chart on page 640.
19
What slowed the spread of industrialization to
America?

• Britain's laws
• No perceived need

20
What slowed the spread of industrialization to
the European continent?

• War - The troubles sparked by the French
  Revolution and the Napoleonic wars had halted
  trade, interrupted communication and caused
  inflation in some parts of the continent.
• British laws

21
Industrialization the impact on the rest of the
world

• Gap created between rich and poor countries.
• Exploitation of colonies- imperialism

22
Adam Smith

• defended the idea of free economy in his book,
  Wealth of Nations
• a free economy could produce far more wealth than
  an economy regulated by governmental laws
• In a market economy where natural laws were free
  to operate, plenty of goods would be produced at
  the lowest possible price
• But if government interfered in the economy, none
  of the natural laws could operate.

23
3 Laws of economics

• The law of self interest people act for selfish
  reasons
• The law of competition competitive forces
  people to make better products
• The law of supply and demand when supply
  exceeds demand, some would be driven out of
  business until supply equals demand.

24
Laissez- faire

• refers to the economic policy of letting owners
  of industry and business set working conditions
  without interferences.

25
Does the US have a totally laissez-faire economy?

• No, we have some government control

26
Marx believed

• capitalism would eventually bring about a
  worldwide revolt of workers
• Factories would drive small artisans out of
  business, leaving a small number of manufacturers
  to control all the wealth
• The workers would rise up, seize the factories
  and mills, and produce what society needed
• After a period of time, the state or government
  would wither away as a classless society
  developed

27
Why did it not happen?

• unions and collective bargaining.

28
Reforms

• Factory Act of 1833 regulated child labor in
  factories.
• Mines Act of 1842 prevented women and children
  from working underground
• Ten Hours Act (England) limited the work day to
  10 hours for women and children

29
Abolition of Slavery

• Britain finally abolished slavery in its empire
  in 1833.
• Slavery ended in the US after the Civil War in
  1865.

30
Women's rights

• from the reforms of labor
• Industrialization was a mixed blessing for women
• Gave them higher wages than for work done at home
• women still made approximately 1/3 the money as
  men

31
What year did women finally get the right to
vote?

• 1920
• the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
  granted suffrage to American women

32
What is the difference between science and
technology?

• Science systematic methods by which knowledge
  of nature is sought
• Technology the practical application of the
  knowledge

33
Henry Fords improvements

• Mass Production of automobiles
• Assembly line - Result 2,000 cars at 440 each
• interchangeable parts
• Ford also raised workers salaries. He realized
  that well-paid workers would be able to buy their
  own Model Ts.

34
new advances in medicine and science

• Life Expectancy in 1900 47.3 years
• born 1975 72.6 years
• born 1980 73.7 years
• Why are people living so much longer? Advances
  in medicine and nutrition.

35
In the mid 1800s

• most doctors believed that a poisonous mist is
  the air caused disease.
• Unaware of bacteria, patients reasoned that the
  dirtier a surgeons coat, the more operations he
  must have performed.

36
Pasteur

• theory that disease was caused by bacteria
• Pasteurization

37
Lister

• He thought germs might explain why half of all
  surgical patients died of infections
• insisted on cleanliness
• discovered that carbolic acid could clean
  instruments
• bandages only used once
• surgeon must wash hands
• designed to prevent sepsis (infection)
• became known as antiseptic surgery