MH-23: Age of Interventions

1
MH-23 Age of Interventions

• Power Projection

2
Projecting Power and Maintaining Peace Strategic
Overview

• By 1980s gt Major military powers dominated
• Able to project military power over great
  distances
• Airlift able to rapidly deploy SOF light
  infantry
• Sustained sealift to deploy USMC Navy air at
  sea
• Loiter off potential trouble spots areas of
  crises
• RD produced many technological advances
  refinements in
  weapons
• Precision guided munitionsgt smart bombs got
  better
• Stealth bomber attack aircraft
• F111 F117, even B-52G with precision guided
  munitions capability
• Later unmanned remote controlled A/C for
  reconnaissance attack
• Electronic C4I (later linked with computers for
  battle array)
• Computer planning Battle management

3
Power Projection Battle Management

• Result Power projection application of
  military force unmatched
• Precise effective military power significantly
  increased
• Enabled rapid deployment employment of ready
  force
• In some cases, within 4 hours alert to wheels
  up
• Non-stop air-refueled deployments half way
  around world
• Example Fort Bragg (Pope) to Guam (non stop)
• Battle planning management simply unmatched
• Flexible adaptive accomplished on the way
• Numerous contingency options made
• (JSOCs Execution check list)

4
Post-Cold War Era

• When Cold War (CW) ended
• Intervention was up, while
• Direct superpower confrontation was down
• NTL as 9/11 showsgt
• World still very dangerous place
• Nationalistic, religious, ethnic conflict
  terror rising
• Now gt all US citizens are the target gt
• Even here on American soil!

5
Age of Intervention BattlesThe Falklands

• Britains deployment to the Falklands
  demonstrated it power projection capability
• With significant US logistic and Intel support
• British retrieval Task Force (TF) included
  two CVs (Harriers Helos), a landing force of
  3rd Commandos (Marines Paras), 5th Infantry
  Brigade (Socts Guards, Welsh, 7th Gurkha), SBS
  22nd SAS, Royal Artillery
• Argentine garrison reinforced w/2 Brigades
• Map shows impressive deployment challenge
  overcome by the British
• Using both sea and air transportation
• Total distance 12,000 KM
• 6000 KM to Ascension Island
• 6000 KM to Falklands South Georgia

6
Falklands- Employment Combat Movements

• Maritime Exclusion Zone announced 12Apr (2 SSNs)
• British forces attacked IAW movements illustrated
  below
• South Georgia was captured by Royal Marines SBS
  on 24-5 April, 1982

7
Operation Corporate

• 2 May General Belgrano torpedoed by SSN
  Conqueror
• Argentine Navy withdraw from War
• 4 May Argentine AF sunk HMS Sheffield w/Exocet
  missile
• Later bombed Brit landing force off San Carlos
  (HMS Ardent, Antelope, Coventry Atlantic
  Conveyor sunk)
• Sinking provoked London it ordered 45 Commando
  3 Para to march east ASAP to invest Stanley
• Meanwhile 2 Para took Goose Green in vicious
  fight (map)
• 5th Brigade landed at San Carlos on 25 May
• The two Guards Battalions deployed to east coast
  by sea to Bluff Cove
• 11-14 June Brits take all tactical objectives
  Argentine defense falls
• BG Menendez surrendered at Stanley

• Results Brits recovered Falklands at cost of 255
  KIA several ships
• Restored feeling of Patriotism
• Thatcher government would have fallen if
  expedition failed
• Argentines lost 700
• (368 in Belgano)
• Navy Army outclassed
• Junta fell soon afterwards

8
Urgent Fury- Deployment- Oct 1983

• Following 2nd violent coup, Caribbean Island
  Grenada fell into chaos
• Gov-General Paul Scoon secretly asked OECS to
  restore order
• OECS in turn requested assistance from US

9
US Motives

• Hard line communist factions take over had
  strategic implications for US
• Salines airstrip modernization (10K) posed
  threat to vital Caribbean sea lanes the Panama
  Canal
• Salines could provide potential staging for Cuban
  Soviet flights to Africa Nicaragua
• Cubans were acting as Soviet proxies in Africa
  Nicaragua at the time
• Also US concern for safety of 1000 American
  medical students
• Decision taken to intervene
• Restore order eliminate Communists threat
  completely

10
Operation Urgent Fury- Forces

• Operation hastily planned put together
• Pre-Goldwater-Nichols reforms
• JCS Service Chiefs OPSDEPs
  had major influence
  over Ops
• Every service also wanted piece of action
• (CJCS John Vessey said all forces needed due to
  short notice)
• Invasion force, commanded by C2F, included
• Independence CV Battle Group LHA Guam (Phibron
  4)
• Amphibious Squadron 4 1500 USMC of 22 MAU
• 2 USA Ranger Battalions 82nd ABN Division
• JSOTF (HQ C3, Delta, ST-6, TF-160)- (make debut)
• Token OECS representation
• Island defenses included
• 500 Grenada troops 2000 Militia 800 Cuban
  advisors

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Operation Urgent Fury Actions Results

• Pre-assault landing by CCT ST-6 squad failed
• 4 SEALs lost during night para drop into sea to
  SW (sudden squall)
• 25 Oct H-hour objectives included
• Rangers USMC take airfields in respective AOA
• Light resistance for USMC (Pearls Airfield)
• Heavy resistance in South AOA
  
• (Rangers JSOTF at Salines St. Georges)
• SEALs to capture or destroy Radio Free Grenada
• Also secure safety of Sir Paul Scoon (held in
  house arrest at his residence)
• Rangers tasked to secure Salines
• Ensure safety of US citizens (students)
• By 28 Oct Grenada firmly under US control, NTL
• Problems included poor Intel, C3
  interoperability, coordination
• US 18 KIA 116 WIA
• Cuban 25 KIA 59 WIA Grenada 45 KIA/350 WIA

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Blue Spoon (Just Cause) OOB

• Panama offered opportunity to test the
  Goldwater-Nichols military reforms (as a result
  of L/L from Just Cause)
• Opposing Forces
• US 27K from all four services
• Noriega his PDF 12,800 Guard,
  Police,
  officials
• (4000 combat ready)

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Concept of Operations

• Concept of Ops (deliberate execution scenario)
• US forces in Panama (13K) deployed from CONUS
  to conduct simultaneous attack on
  36 planned
  emerging targets in Panama
• (Pre-invasion recon was conducted
  by SOF during weeks prior)
• JSOTF to commence operation w/5
  UW Task Forces (TF) just prior to
  H-Hour
• TF Green (Delta) rescue CIA agent
  held near
  Comandancia
• TF Black (SOUTHCOM SOF)
  protect opposition leaders
• TF Green TF Blue (ST-6) rescue
  any hostages locate
  seize Noriega
• TF White (ST-2 ST-4) conduct maritime
  ops against Panama City, Balboa
  Harbor,
  Colon Harbor (swimmer limpet attacks)
• ST-4 (3 platoons) also tasked to
  attack Noriegas Jet at
  Paitilla Airfield
• TF Red (Rangers) airborne assault
  on Rio Haito
  Torrijos

14
Conventional Forces

• 3 of 4 Conventional TF would attack at H-Hour
• TF Bayonet (193d Infantry Brigade)
  seize comandancia other PDF
  targets emerging in and
  around Panama City
• TF Atlantic (7th Infantry Division (L) 82nd
  ABN) seize sites in Canal Zone from Panama City
  to Colon
• TF Semper Fi (USMC) secure land approaches to
  Bridge of Americas Howard AFB
• At H45 TF Pacific (bulk of 82nd ABN) air drop
  on Torrijos-Tocumen airport relieve Rangers
• H90 capture destroy PDF strongholds
  at Tinajitas, Fort
  Cimarron, Panama Viejo
• On D2 7th Infantry (L) 16th MP Brigade to
  complete deployment commence stability ops
• D3 through D30 7th Infantry
  relieve all other combat
  units
• MP Civil Affairs commence
  restoration of order (Blind Logic)

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Just Cause- Execution

• After 6 weeks of plan refinement rehearsals,
  ops
  commenced just before 0100 on 20 Dec 1989
• For most part, conducted as planned (some time
  delays friction)
• By H7 the PDF ceased to exist as an organized
  forced
• Noriega fled to Papal Nuncio, but later
  surrendered to US (serving 40 years in FL)

16
Iraqi Invasion- August 1990

• At 0100, 2 Aug 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait to
  surprise of all- especially Arabs
• Saddam ignored US UN sanctions declared
  Kuwait Iraqs 13th Province on 8 Aug
• Commenced a build-up to 43 Divisions (545K) to
  defend his recent gains from attack
• President Bush (I) immediately ordered USS
  Eisenhower CVBG to Red Sea
  USS Independence CVBG into Persian Gulf
• Upon request from Saudi Arabias King Fahd, Bush
  ordered deployment of largest US force since
  Vietnam

17
Iraq I Air Campaign

• 17 Jan, 1991 at 0234 L TF Normandy of UN
  coalition launched massive air campaign of 1736
  A/C against Iraq
• USA Apaches led by 2 MH-53Js Pave Lows fired
  Hellfire missiles at Iraqi radar to clear path
  for USAF strike force
• Soon followed by F-117A Nighthawks strikes on
  Baghdad
• Attack Iraqi C3 USN cruise missiles Leadership
  targets
• Air strike was synchronized massive (Based on
  L/L since 1973)
• Incorporated technology advances
• Iraqi Air Defense included 300 fighters
  extensive early warning system (KARI)
• SA-2s, -3s, -8s, Roland I/II SAMs
• By D2 coalition air forces had shut down Iraqi
  power grids its entire air defense
• Soon Coalition air component turned its attention
  to Iraqi ground forces

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Ground Campaign

• Coalition forces had 540K 7 USA Divisions, 2
  USMC Div, Brit Armor Div, French light armor,
  equivalent of more than 4 Arab/Islamic divisions
• Iraqis had 43 Divisions (545K) in Kuwait with
  4280 tanks, 3100 arty, 2800 APCs
• Of 110K coalition sorties flown, 23,430 would be
  flown against Iraqs ground forces
• At 0400 24 Feb (G-Day) the ground war commenced

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The Left Hook

• Bulk of ground attack concentrated on Iraqs RF
• But USMC Amphibious force diverted 4-6 Iraqi
  divisions attention to Gulf Coast (Iraqi front)
• SEAL element conducted beach demo raid to
  simulate pre-landing preparations just prior to
  coalition ground attack to the East
• While USMC Arab forces attacked directly toward
  Kuwait, XVIII Corps (250 miles to west) attacked
  N-NE twd Euphrates to cut off Highway 8
• Also acted to screen VII Corps left flank
  severed Iraqi LOC escape route
• Following planned 12 hour delay, VII Corps broke
  through Iraqi defense lines
• Both VII XVIII ABN Corps turned East to cut off
  Republican Guards Iraqi front line remnants
• Movement resembled giant wheeling motion
• 25 Feb 101st ABN established blocking position
• Then 101st ABN 24th Infantry attacked Hwy 8
• By 25 Feb USMC 1st Exp. reached outskirts of city
  
• President Bush called halt to war after 100 hours

20
Somalia

• By early 1992 civil war led to famine an entire
  breakdown society in Somalia
• Conditions there had killed 500K people led to
  1 million children being malnourished
• TV broadcast these appalling conditions US
  public opinion soon forced its Bush I
  Administration to act
• Heavily armed clans ruled as de facto gov
  officials
• Demanded payment from humanitarian NGOs
• Restricted distribution of vital food water
• UN created UNOSOM 1 to provide aid order
• President Bush (I) ordered US military to assist
• Phase I Operation Provide Relief began
• 28K metric tons of relief supplies sent to
  Somalia
• NTL- the fighting food shortages continued
• Phase II (9 Dec 92-4 May 93) UN sponsored
  limited military nation building (Op Restore
  Hope)
• US took lead beginning w/amphibious landing of
  USMC Expeditionary force at Mogadishu
• US forces gradually grew to 30 K with 10th Mtn
  Div
• March 1993 UN took over Phase III of Restore
  Hope

21
Changing Objectives

• US continued to provide logistics
• Assigned 10th Mountain division to UN OPCON
• UN policing efforts angered local warlord Chief -
  Mohammed Farah Adid
• His forces ambushed Pakistani UN troops
• They were in route to seize Adids radio station
• 24 KIA- bodies mutilated and displayed
• UN then set objective of capturing Adid
  debilitating his organization
• US (DOS) agreed to take lead to capture Adid
• Task Force Ranger was established at Ft. Bragg
• Began planning exercising various scenarios
• Deploy to Mogadishu Airfield set up FOB
• 3 Oct 93 after several successful missions
  capturing Adids Lts, but always just missing
  Adid
• TFR acted on tip that Adid his Lts were meeting

22
Concept of Operations

• TF Ranger (TFR) launched to find capture them
• The Plan was for Delta to fast rope from UH-60s
  to the street also debark from MH-1s onto the
  target roof to snatch Adid his Lts in meeting
  rooms below
• Army Rangers would also fast rope from
  Blackhawks to their assigned chalks blocking
  positions
• Then a TFR convoy of heavy trucks Humvees would
  rendezvous at the target extract the prisoners
  remaining Task Force return to
  the FOB

23
Black Hawk Down

• Things were going as planned when CWO Wolcott
  reported to the net in calm voice that his Helo
  was hit and he was going down
• He had been hit by a RPG forced to crash land
• The mission now radically changed to search
  rescue (and later recovery)
• Locate secure crash site now became 1st
  priority
• Adids militia rushed to sound of the guns

24
Super Six Four

• Super Six Four commanded by Mike Durant now
  filled in for Wolcotts downed Black Hawk
• Soon after Durants Helo was also hit by an RPG
  and went down as well
• Now two Black Hawks were down in two separate
  locations
• Two Delta snipers volunteered to go in and secure
  the 2nd crash site
• They would ask 3 times before getting permission
  from the JOC
• It was a desperate move but the only chance to
  protect the downed crew
• Their names are now on growing list in a memorial
  displayed in Deltas secret compound
• Gary Gordon and Randall Shughart

25
For Conspicuous Gallantry
26
Aftermath

• TF Ranger finally recovered the bodies of
  Wolcott his crew
• In a horrendous continuing running battle with
  Adids men through the night the next day,
  they finally reached the relative safety of the
  FOB
• They continued to search for Durant the bodies
  of his missing crew and those of the two Delta
  snipers
• General Garrison, the commander of TF Ranger,
  requested re-enforcements to finish the job
• That request was set in motion until it reversed
  by the political leadership who had had enough of
  US involvement in UN peace making
• US involvement ended on 4 Mar 1994 all US
  troops were withdrawn

27
Bosnia- 1945-1995

• 1945-1991 Yugoslavia comprised 6 independent
  republics
• Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina,
  Serbia, Montenegro,
  Macedonia
• With end of Cold War (1990) nationalism ethnic
  distrust erupted
• Formerly suppressed by Tito until his death in
  1980
• Since then 3 bloody civil wars were fought
• Motives for Civil Wars
• Gain independence expand borders at neighbor's
  expense
• Fighting caused death ethnic cleanings, rape,
  torture, mass murder (genocide)
• 28Aug95 Serbs mortared Sarajevo (UN safe zone- 1
  of 6)
• Killed 38 wounded 85gt broadcast via global TV
  images
• Attack came in defiance of US warning to Serbs to
  stop attacks
• UN US credibility on the linegt both had had
  enough

28
US NATO Response Deliberate Force

• 30 Aug 1995 NATO unleashed Operation Deliberate
  Force
• 60 NATO aircraft flying from Italy and US CVs in
  Adriatic attack Serb army positions around
  Sarajevo
• Continued attacks until Serbs agreed to meet at
  Dayton to negotiate peace terms
• US flew two thirds of 3515 total sorties during
  Deliberate Force
• 60 of targets struck with precision guided
  munitions
• Forced Serbs to peace talks in Dayton
• Dayton Accords completed Nov 1995
• Dec 1995 US Allies embarked on Op Joint
  Endeavor (peacekeeping)
• Task Force Eagle comprised 20K US
• Marked first NATO operational commitment in its
  history (USSR)

29
Kosovo- 1987-1999

• In 1987 Serbian President Milosevic conducted
  ethnic cleansing, against Albanian ethnic groups
• 1988 violence escalated between Serbs Albanian
  majority in Kosovo
• 300K people were displaced as a result
• Subsequently under international pressure
  Milosevic agreed to a cease fire
• 15 Jan 1999
• Milosevic ordered massacre of 45 ethnic Albanians
• Serbs at Racak carried out these orders
• As disclosure of these massacres became known to
  world, US appealed to Milosevic to stop them
• When he continued to ignore US appeals for
  cessation of violence against Kosovars, NATO
  responded forcefully

30
Operation Allied Force (24 Mar-10 Jun 1999)

• 24 Mach 1999 NATO launched air
  strikes against Serbia
• US NATO flew 38K sorties
• Lost only 2 aircraft (recovered crew)
• US employed new generation of standoff,
  precision-guided munitions based on JDAM Joint
  Stand Off Weapons
• B-2 Spirit Stealth Bomber made its combat debut
  by dropping GPS assisted JDAM on first night of
  Operation
• 38 of munitions dropped on Serbia were precision
  guided against Army, C3, industry
  transportation targets in around Serbia
• After 78 days of strikes, Serbs ceased attacks on
  ethnic Albanians w/d army
• Milosevic (now weakened) agreed to new elections
• Sept 2000 he lost was soon ousted from power
• Arrested for war crimes (now on trial at the
  Haig)

31
Emerging Threats of the 21st Century

• Last quarter of the 20th century saw a new threat
  emerge
• International terrorism (for many and varied
  motives) was especially troubling
• US in particular became the international target
  of choice for terrorists
• After many attacks various levels of
  destruction, the one on 9/11/2001 finally
  prompted a forceful US response

32
War in Afghanistan (American Style)

• Al Qaeda led by Bin Laden was identified as the
  force behind the 9/11 attack
• The Taliban of Afghanistan its host
• When the Taliban refused to turn over Bin Laden
  and eject al Qaeda, the US struck
• 7 Oct 2001 US its Allies attacked
• US SOF would play a key role in the mountains of
  Afghanistan (and still does)

33
Iraq II

• Whatever the political, military, or Intelligence
  rationale for Iraq War (II)
• Removing Saddam Hussein from power was a prime
  objective
• US Allied (UK) forces conducted a militarily
  successful campaign that ended in the occupation
  of Baghdad fall of Husseins government on 9
  April 2003, 21 days after the wars start
• SOF played an important role, especially in the
  North West
• Including the capture of Saddam the location
  death of his sons

34
The Hard Part

• The question still TBD
• Will the Peace also be won
• Growing insurgency escalating violence (IEDs,
  suicide bombings, rising sectarian conflict) is
  having a debilitating impact on continued public
  support for the war
• Ultimately the political will of the American
  people, not the politicians, will determine
  whether or not we stay the course
• It might even be argued that the insurgency was
  Saddams strategy for dealing with a superior
  technically advanced US force all along
• Mission Accomplished is still to be assessed by
  history

35
Cold War- Assessment

• Post WW2 period gt known as the Cold War
• Witnessed the major military states project
  military power globally
• Forces able to cover great distances in short
  amount of time
• By sea or air transport
• Initial lighter forces deployed mostly by air
• Remaining follow on forces heavy equipment by
  sea
• Throughout their forces were sustained with
  effective logistic support
• Examples
• Dominican Republic, Falklands, Grenada
• Objective overwhelm less capable enemy force
  quickly
• Before given chance to recover from surprise
  initial shock

36
Complications

• Complications emerge NTL (in many cases)gt
• Due to friction- where the unexpected often
  arises
• During Deployment
• Required to deploy forces long distances on very
  short notice
• (i.e. come as you are fight) gt ready or not
• Problems usually unfold as result (Urgent Fury)
• Inter-service C3 interoperability problems
  planning coordination
• During Employment - immediately upon arrival gt
• Air/sea/ground forces had to jump right into
  combat
• Immediate Tactical objective defeat enemy
  swiftly (Just Cause)
• Challenges
• Accurate intelligence effective logistic
  support
• Rapid effective coordination of combined arms
• Concentrate overwhelming force quickly on all
  tactical objectives before enemy can react and
  defend

37
Post Cold War Interventions

• As Cold War ended gt USSR was no longer
  superpower
• No firm bi-polar alliances to keep each sides
  allies in check
• Former Soviet clients ethnic minorities no
  longer repressed
• Result regional ethnic conflicts escalate
  spread
• National/NATO/UN forces attempt to control global
  situation of growing unrest
• Regional conflict rise to surface (why? - no
  longer repressed)
• (Nationalistic, religious, ethnic, regional
  tensions all rise)
• New violent sometimes unexpected- conflict
  ensues
• Examples Iraq (PG War), India-Pakistan, Balkans,
  NK
• Implication (IAW Text) gt predicts
• Future violent conflicts more likely
• Brief, highly intensive conflicts with high
  casualties
• (vice long protracted Vietnam War type conflicts)

38
Exceptions?

• Short intense wars certainly true during initial
  battles at start of interventionbut
• What about current war on terror global hunt
  for terrorists?
• Or current insurgency growing in Iraq
• Other factors (IAW Text)
• Increased strategic/operational tactical
  mobility gt
• Promotes maneuver warfare (vice static stalemate-
  true?)
• (Lets hope sobut)
• But mostly true in battles fought in the desert
  or on the European plan
• But in the jungle or the city dealing with urban
  GW?

39
Problems remain

• Gradual mission creep a serious potential
  problem
• (Somalia, Bosnia, Afghanistan, especially in
  Iraq)
• Also US UN relationship can be very
  controversial
• UN C2 over US forces not likely
• (Reluctant UN OPCON execution - Somalia)
• Congressional concerns are another potential
  obstacle
• US determined to ensure its political Sovereignty
• Sole command control over US troops a must
• Limits though initial military (battle) success
  in Afghanistan Iraq I II impressive
• Prolonged urban insurgency in Iraq is most
  troubling

40
Lessons of History

• Must recognize limits of our past operational
  experience
• Somalia, Bosnia, Kosovo, ME conflict, terrorist
  hunt
• Show limits of modern technology advance
  weapons technology against urban insurgency
  in mountains of Afghanistan, as well as jungles
  of PI
• But as recently demonstrated gt
• Latest US munitions (JSSAM) are more precise
• Less munitions needed to do more
• Also more flexible capable means to deliver
• Intel targeting may be more accurate in the
  future
• (SOF FAC coordination w/air strikes impressive)
  
• So... jury is still out on hunt for ME terrorists
  homeland security defense
• Or a growing protracted war with Iraq ( an Exit
  Strategy of Iraqinization)
• The American people their representatives will
  ultimately decide the fate of its continued
  pursuit
• But whatever political decisions US policy makers
  take, it will be left to individual warriors on
  the ground, in the air, and on below the sea,
  to carry them out

41

• The President of the United States in the name of
  The Congress
• takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR
  posthumously to
• LIEUTENANTMICHAEL P. MURPHYUNITED STATES NAVY
• For service as set forth in the following
  CITATION
• For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the
  risk of his life and above and beyond the call of
  duty as the leader of a special reconnaissance
  element with Naval Special Warfare task unit
  Afghanistan on 27 and 28 June 2005. While leading
  a mission to locate a high-level anti-coalition
  militia leader, Lieutenant Murphy demonstrated
  extraordinary heroism in the face of grave danger
  in the vicinity of Asadabad, Konar Province,
  Afghanistan. On 28 June 2005, operating in an
  extremely rugged enemy-controlled area,
  Lieutenant Murphy's team was discovered by
  anti-coalition militia sympathizers, who revealed
  their position to Taliban fighters. As a result,
  between 30 and 40 enemy fighters besieged his
  four member team. Demonstrating exceptional
  resolve, Lieutenant Murphy valiantly led his men
  in engaging the large enemy force. The ensuing
  fierce firefight resulted in numerous enemy
  casualties, as well as the wounding of all four
  members of the team. Ignoring his own wounds and
  demonstrating exceptional composure, Lieutenant
  Murphy continued to lead and encourage his men.
  When the primary communicator fell mortally
  wounded, Lieutenant Murphy repeatedly attempted
  to call for assistance for his beleaguered
  teammates. Realizing the impossibility of
  communicating in the extreme terrain, and in the
  face of almost certain death, he fought his way
  into open terrain to gain a better position to
  transmit a call. This deliberate, heroic act
  deprived him of cover, exposing him to direct
  enemy fire. Finally achieving contact with his
  headquarters, Lieutenant Murphy maintained his
  exposed position while he provided his location
  and requested immediate support for his team. In
  his final act of bravery, he continued to engage
  the enemy until he was mortally wounded,
  gallantly giving his life for his country and for
  the cause of freedom. By his selfless leadership,
  Lieutenant Murphy reflected great credit upon
  himself and upheld the highest traditions of the
  United States Naval Service.3 Signed George W.
  Bush

42
Back-up Slides
43
New tactics?

• Potential impact of new political military
  relationships of post Cold War
• Peacekeeping peace-making missions
• (UN controlled?)
• No way as far as US concerned
• Expanded mission not favored by Bush
  administration
• (at least until after 9/11/2001)
• Post 9/11 coalition building tolerated then
  later actively pursued (with not much success)
• Nation building now actively pursued in Iraq
• (Led by US military build-up Iraqi military)
• Aim get them ready to take over so we can leave
  ASAP