Chapter One

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(No Transcript)
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Chapter One

• Introduction to Matter

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Properties of Matter

• Matter can have a variety of Properties.

Soft or hard
Hardness, texture, shape, temperature,
flammability, and color are all characteristics
or properties of matter.
Smooth or rough
Round or square
Flammable or not
Any color or no color at all
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Kinds of Matter

• Many things can be made from a small number of
  things.

Almost every building in a city can be made from
just a small list of building materials Concrete,
wood, bricks, steel, plaster, stone, plastic,
glass, nails, rivets, glue, etc.
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Kinds of Matter

• The same is true for matter.

Matter can be made from a small number, only
about 100 or so, things called elements. Each
element is made up of tiny particles called atoms.
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Kinds of Matter

• Each element is represented by a symbol.

Symbols for elements are one or two letters. The
first letter is upper case and the second is a
lower case letter. They can come from Latin or
Greek words, a place name, or a scientists name.
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Kinds of Matter

• A compound is a substance made of two or more
  elements chemically combined in a specific ratio.

For instance Each water molecule is made from 2
hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom.
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Kinds of Matter

• A formula tells which elements are in a compound
  and in what ratios the elements are mixed.

For instance Each atom of carbon dioxide is made
from 1 carbon atom and 2 oxygen atoms. The
formula is written this way CO2
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Kinds of Matter

• A mixture is made from two or more substances -
  elements, compounds, or both - that are together
  in the same place, but not chemically combined.

For instance Water is not found in its pure form
in nature. It is usually mixed with salt, sand,
or other substances.
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Kinds of Matter

• Beach sand is a mixture of

Oxygen
Silicon
Calcium
Carbon
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Changes in Matter

• Physical changes can change the appearance of
  matter, but do not change materials into another
  substance.

Chopping wood
Boiling water
We are changing the state of matter when we do
these types of activities.
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Changes in Matter

• A change in matter that produces new substances
  is called a chemical change or a chemical
  reaction.

Elements combining to form compounds
Compounds breaking down into elements
Compounds combining to form other compounds
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Measuring MatterMass vs Weight

• Mass

Your mass stays the same no matter where you are.
Mass is the amount of matter you contain.
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Measuring MatterMass vs Weight

• Weight

Weight changes. If you go to the moon, you weigh
1/5 of what you weigh here.
Weight is a measure of the force of gravity on
your mass.
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Units of Mass

• The Kilogram

Here you see the kilogram prototype made of
platinum and iridium.
The Kilogram is the official SI unit of mass used
by the International System of Units.
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Units of Volume

• The milliliter

Milliliters are 1/1000 of a liter and can be
measured in a graduate cylinder.
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Units of Volume

• The cubic centimeter

Cubic centimeters are virtually the same volume
as milliliters.
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Measuring Volume

• Solid Rectangular Objects

Cubic centimeters for rectangular objects can be
determined by multiplying Length X Width X Height
in centimeters.
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Measuring Volume

• For Irregular Solid Objects

The volume of irregular solid objects can be
measured by measuring a given volume of liquid,
immersing the object, measuring again, and
subtracting the difference.
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Measurement in History

• 1400 B.C. Egypt

The Egyptians were the first to use the cubit
as a unit of measurement.
The cubit was the measurement from the elbow to
the tip of the middle finger
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Measurement in History

• 640 B.C. Lydia

Merchants in the Middle East and Mediterranean
used units of measure to make sure they received
the correct amount of gold and silver.
The Lydians minted the first gold coin called a
Stater.
A talent was about 25 kilograms and a mina
was about 500 grams.
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Measurement in History

• 200 B.C. China

Shih Huang Ti, Chinas first emperor, set
standards for measuring weight, length, and
volume.
Even earlier, the Chinese used decimal notation,
a system based on 10 such as we use today
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Measurement in History

• 700 A.D. England

During the reign of Ethelbert II of England, the
term acre was in common use as a measure of
area.
An acre was defined as the amount of land that
two oxen could plow in one day.
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Measurement in History

• 789 A.D. Central Europe

The foot of Charlemagne, emperor of most of
Central Europe, was set as the standard unit of
measurement.
The Karlspfund, meaning Charlemagnes pound
was used as the standard unit of weight.
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Measurement in History

• 1714 A.D. Germany

Gabriel Fahrenheit invented the thermometer, a
temperature-measuring device that relies on the
expansion of mercury when heat is applied.
His name later became used as a unit measure for
temperature.
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Measurement in History

• 1983 A.D. France

The International Bureau of Weights and Measures
defines a single set of units that is the same
everywhere.
In 1983, the meter was defined as the distance
that light travels in a given fraction of a
second.
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Density

• Density is the measure of how much mass is
  contained in a given volume.

To calculate the density of an object, divide its
mass by its volume.
The formula for density is D M/V Mass is
density over volume.
Try using the density triangle. Just use your
thumb to cover the unit that you want to
determine.
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Particles of Matter

• The whole is made of of smaller particles.

A blown up portion of the painting shows it is
made of thousands of tiny dots or particles.
Consider a painting by George Seurat.
This is similar to the makeup of matter.
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Particles of Matter

• Likewise, matter is made of atoms.

Droplets of water can form on a smooth surface.
Can we make a fine enough mist to spray
individual atoms?
A finer sprayer would make the droplets smaller
than the ones we see.
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Greek Ideas About Atoms

• The ancient Greeks thought about the smallest
  particles of matter.

In 440 B.C. Democritus, an ancient Greek
philosopher, knew that matter had to be made of
tiny particles.
He thought you could cut matter smaller and
smaller until you couldnt go any further.
He named the tiniest particles of matter
atomos, which is Greek for uncuttable.
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Daltons Ideas About Atoms

• John Dalton imagined atoms to be like tiny
  marbles, or rigid spheres that were impossible to
  break.

In 1802, John Dalton, a British school teacher
proposed an atomic theory.
Unlike Democritus, Dalton tested his theories
with experiments.
Experiments are used to prove or disprove a
theory.
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Daltons Ideas About Atoms

• Here is what John Dalton determined

Atoms cant be broken into smaller pieces.
In any element, all atoms are exactly alike.
Atoms of different elements are different.
Atoms of two or more elements can combine to form
compounds.
Atoms of each element have a unique mass.
The masses of the elements in a compound are
always in a constant ratio.
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Ideas About Atoms Today

• Here are some things we know today

One grain of sand on a beach contains more atoms
than there are grains of sand on the beach.
There are 2,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000 atoms of
oxygen in a drop of water!
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Ideas About Atoms Today

• We can actually see atoms today!

With a low temperature scanning tunneling
microscope, we can actually see individual atoms!
If you want to have one of these microscopes for
your very own, they are available from SPECS
Technologies Corp. in Sarasota, FL.
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More About Atoms

• Atoms are held together.

The force that holds two atoms together is called
a chemical bond.
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More About Atoms

• Two or more atoms held together are called a
  molecule.

Molecules can be made of like atoms such as
oxygen molecules.
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More About Atoms
Or they can be made of many different atoms like
the DNA molecule.
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This PowerPoint was created by Tim Paterek. It
has been paraphrased from the Prentice Hall
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