CO2 Capture and Storage System

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CO2 Capture and Storage System

• R K Jain

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Introduction

• CO2 emission responsible for global warming
• Development process to go unhalted .
• Ways and means to be found for controlling and
  abating CO2.
• Energy efficient technologies, energy
  conservation , reduction in TD losses to help
  CO2 emission.
• Ultimate solution may lie in CO2 capture and
  storage (CCS) which can stabilize CO2
  concentration at 450 or 550 ppm.
• CCS as potential of reducing emission by 85 or
  more by 2050.

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CO2 capture and storage system
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Capture of CO2

• Post combustion - CO2 separation from flue gases
  by chemical absorption with monoethanolamine
  (chilled ammonia process under development).
• Pre Combustion - CO2 separation in reformer
  after gasification of fuel (sorbents used for
  separation).
• OxyFuel -Separating O2 and N2 from air and
  using O2 to burn fuel.

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Options for Storage

• Ocean Storage (nearly 1000 GtCO2 potential
  depending on environmental constrains)
• Geological storage (potential 2000 GtCO2).This
  can enable enhanced oil or gas recovery.
• Deep saline aquifers (potential 5-500 billion
  tCO2 ).Appears to be best long term solution.
• Depleted oil and gas reservoirs (good sites
  because of proven caprock).

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Energy Requirement

• Capture Efficiency - 85-95
• Net CO2 reduction - 80-90
• Additional Energy use -10-40

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Current Location of Geological Storage

• Planned storage (MtCO2)
• Canada 20
• Algeria 17
• Norway 20
• Nether Land 8
• USA 0.0016

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Cost of CCS

• For pulverized Coal Plants cost of CCS could vary
  between 61 to 99 US/MWhr whereas cost of carbon
  mitigation could vary between 30 to 70 US/ CO2
  avoided
• Cost of Capture 15-75 US/tCO2
• Cost of Transportation for 250 km 1-8 US/t CO2
• Geological Storage 0.5 -8 US/tCO2 injected
• Ocean storage 5-30 US/tCO2 injected
• Cost of coal fired plant could increase by around
  25 with adoption of CCS.

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Health ,Safety And Environmental Risks

• Lack of real Data
• Appropriate Site selection for geological
  storage.
• Monitoring program to detect problems.
• Remedial methods to stop CO2 releases
• Important to evaluate potential for seepage based
  on site characteristics

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Health ,Safety And Environmental Risks

• It is estimated that fraction retained in
  appropriately selected and managed geological
  reserves may be more than 99 over 1000 years
• Release is estimated to be gradual over hundreds
  of years

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Outstanding issues Associated with CCS

• Technical issues
• Scale up of technology for CO2 separation.
• Efficiency improvements in compression of CO2.
• Chances of leakage of stored CO2
• Damages on account of leakage of CO2
• Economic Issues
• More detail assessments needed to improve
  equipment design and cost estimates.
• Legal Issues
• Property rights to underground space for storage
• Legal considerations for potential CO2 leak
• Regulatory Issues
• Building a regulatory framework for CCS needed.