Review Exam III: China

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Review Exam III China

• Funerary Deposits
• Buddhist caves
• Ink Painting
• Ceramics
• Forbidden City

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4.2 Oracle bone Shang period, c. 1766-1122 BCE
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Oracle bones

• Earliest writing on animal bones, oracle-bone
  inscriptions, found at Anyang, dated from Shang
  period
• It was used for divination, communication with
  the ancestors, and prediction
• The bones came from ox scapulas, female turtles
  (six oxen and 12 turtles were needed for this
  purpose every ten-day week
• The inscriptions give information about
  prediction of up coming weeks, weather, harvest,
  hunting, childbirth, warfare and various other
  topics

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4.4 Ding (food vessel), Shang, 11th BCE
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4.5 Yu (wine vessel), Shang Dy, c. 1200 BCE
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4.6 Yu, Zhou, c. 10th BCE
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Qin Shihhuangdi tomb, Qin Dynasty, 210 BCE
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Qin Shihhuangdi

• First Emperor of Qin unified China destroyed
  books and banished some of Confucian scholars
• Sima Qian (dies in c. 86 BCE), a historian, wrote
  a history of Qin dynasty
• Discovered in 1974 located in Xian, Shaanxi
  province
• approximately 8000 life-size terracotta human
  figurines of officers, soldiers, cavalry (180-190
  cm), and more than 1,400 chariots with horses
  figurines replaced real human
• Figurines were cast separately, painted and then
  joined
• Many types of clothes, hair styles, facial
  features
• PP 120-121

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Officer figure, 1.96 m.
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Lady Di with Attendants, Mawangdi tomb, Han
dynasty, after 168 BCE
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Mawangdui

• Funerary banner of Lady (Marquis) Dai, 168 BCE in
  Changsha, Han period
• The tomb as chambers for offering (food and
  clothing, figurines, ritual and domestic utensils
  and funerary banner), surrounded by a many
  layered lacquered wood coffin.
• T-shape banner called flying garment, depicts
  the netherworld, the world of men, and the
  heavens it included a portrait of the deceased
  and a sacrifice scene

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4.12 Colossal Buddha, Cave 20, Yungang Cave, late
5th C. (13.7 m)
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Buddhism

• Mahayana Buddhism Western Paradise (Pure Land
  paradise) spread from India around the 5th
  century, Esoteric Buddhism (Tang-7th) and Chan
  Buddhism (Song-10th)
• Important images are Amitabha Buddha who resides
  in the Western paradise, Maitreya Buddha (Future
  Buddha) and Gyanyin (bodhisattva of Compassion)
• Gyanyin (became more feminine from 1279)

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4.19 Yen Lipen (attributed), Emperor Wu Di, the
Scroll of the Emperors, Tang Dynasty, 7th c.
(11th century copy)
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Tang period (618-907 CE)

• It is the golden age of Chinese civilization
  expanding their territories to Korea, Vietnam,
  and Central Asia
• Emperors supported trading on the Silk Road
• Emperor Wu Di
• Capitals at Luoyang and Changan (modern Xian)
  population of one or two millions it was the
  most cultivated metropolitan center in the world
• Art and literature flourished
• Buddhism was supported by the Kings

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4-20 Fan Kuan (c. 960-1030), Travelers among
Mountains and Streams, N. Song
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Landscape painting

• Developed rapidly in the Tang dy. and reached its
  apex by early Song dy. (first appears in tomb
  tile, inlaid bronze, and mural at Dun Huang)
• N-Song a true landscape used precise line manner
• Landscape painting are imaginary places. They do
  not depict any specific places ( like in Western
  Paintings).
• Landscape depicts a sense of an estate,
• a group of building,
• a few peasants working,
• a fishing boat in a shore,
• no narrative,
• no perspective,
• Depth is created by placement of elements in
  different grounds foreground, mid ground and
  back group

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Literati artists

• Literati artists were well educated elites who
  painted for pleasure
• landscape represents in fragments
• Mountains, streams, water falls, mists, trees,
  flowers have symbolic meanings and are
  significant elements

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4-21 Ma Yuan, Scholar Contemplating the Moon, S.
Song, c. 1200
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4-22 Liang Kai, Hui Neng, Chopping the bamboo at
a Moment of Enlightenment, S. Song, C. 1200
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4-24 Guan Daosheng, Ten Thousands Bamboo Poles in
Cloudy Mist, 1308, Yuan Dy.
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Bamboo

• Bamboo painting is special favor in the Yuan dy.
  (The rulers were Mongolians)
• It symbolizes the true gentle man who always
  maintain his integrity
• It is the most difficult need precise placement
  of leaves and stalks and

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4.23 Bottle vase,Guan ware, S. Song
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4-25 Chao Mengfu, Sheep and Goat, Yuan dy. c.
1300
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Ming dynasty1366-1644

• Chinese ruler Forced the Mongols out
• Enlarging the Great Wall of China
• Sent expeditions in the Indian Ocean
• Built the imperial palace in Beijing
• First Ming emperor established ceramic
  productions at Jingdezhen High grade porcelain
  were produced for his court.
• Later the emperors had monopoly over the
  utilitarian production of ceramics that were
  exported to SEA, the Middle East and later to the
  West
• Blue ( water and cobalt oxide) and white (glaze)
  porcelains are underglazes

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4.26 porcelain vases painted in an underglaze of
cobalt blue, Ming dy., 15th century
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4-28 Wen Zhengming (1470-1559), Cypress and Rock,
dated 1550, Ming Dy.
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Qing Dynasty(1644-1911)

• Western influence are seen on the use of
  perspective on cityscape and landscape paintings.

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4-36 Color print from woodblock, 1734
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4-32 Yu the Great Taming the Waters, completed
1787, jade (224 x 96 cm.)
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4-31 Hall of Supreme Harmony, Imperial Palace,
Bejing, Begun 17th c.
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The Forbidden City

• Built during Ming and Qing Dynasties (14-20th
  centiries founded in 1407 many halls were
  built in the 18th C.
• Purple Forbidden City-identification of the
  emperor with the numinous purple radiance of the
  Pole Star
• As the Son of Heaven, the emperor maintained
  cosmic order by performing annual rituals such as
  those at the Altars of Heaven and Earth, the
  Temple Imperial Ancestors, and the Altar of
  Society
• Oriented North-south axis encompassed the main
  altar complexes, with the palace building facing
  south
• The complex surrounded by walls, which protecting
  the royal family from the outside world.

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Imperial Beijing, the Three Great Hall, Qin Dy.
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Wumen (Meridian Gate, the Forbidden City
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Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City, 17th