The Enlightenment and the Dynamic Eighteenth Century

1
"We live in an age of Enlightenment,
but not an enlightened age."

• The Enlightenment and the Dynamic Eighteenth
  Century

2
Elite and Popular Cultures
Cultural Experiences of Early Modern
Europe (1500s-1600s)
Upper Classes
Lower Classes
1700s

• (1)
• (2)

(1)
The paradox of the Eighteenth Century?
3
The Reading Public

• A huge __________ in the amount of printed
  material available
• What was the role of the literacy rate?
• Supported by improved access to _______________.
• Who took part?

4
The Reading Public

• 1780 most European cities had at least one
  newspaper
• Publishers often catered to specific segments of
  the population

Richard Steele and Joseph Addisons Spectator
5
The Reading Public

• More members of the upper class invested in the
  purchase of books
• Books often
• (1) reflected a __________ or
• (2) took a more critical view of __________.
• Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

Edward Gibbon (1737-1794)
6
Novels

• __________ pioneered the development of these
  works featuring
• (1)
• (2)
• (3)
• cult of sentiment

7
Samuel Richardson
Henry Fielding
8
Government Reaction?

• Did attempt to censor works deemed threatening
• Why did censorship efforts rarely succeed in the
  long run?
• i.e. the French government and Encyclopedie or
  works by Voltaire

9
Education

• Remained the preserve of the __________.
• Secondary schools
• (1)
• (2)
• Criticism by educational reformers
• Changes were still evident
• (1) Realschule
• (2) modern-minded universities
• Leiden in _________________
• Halle in __________________
• Edinburgh in __________________

10
Art and Music
Baroque
Rococo

• the art of __________ and __________ continued
  well into the eighteenth century
• Expressed
• (1)
• (2)
• (3)

• 1720s began to take hold
• Light-hearted meditative themes of
• (1)
• (2)

11
Antoine Watteau(1684-1721)
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Watteau
13
Balthasar Neumanns Vierzehnheiligen (The
Fourteen Saints)
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Vierzenheiligen
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Neoclassical Style
Jacques Louis David
Oath of Horatii (1785)
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Age of Classical Music
1756-1791
1732-1809
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Joseph Haydn
17
Crime and Punishment

• According to Beccaria, the following act as
  guides to law and the penal system
• (1)
• (2)
• Promoted penal reform and the building of prisons
• Many enlightened monarchs worked toward
• (1)
• (2)

(1738-1794)
Cesare Beccaria
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Medicine

• Medical care remained inadequate, based on
• (1)
• (2)
• Life expectancy?
• What was physician training like?

smallpox
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Medicine

• Any changes?

• New trend of professionalization
• Midwives and folk healers
• British physicians and surgeons formed the first
  professional groups
• Royal College of Physicians
• Royal College of Surgeons
• Assessment?

University of Leiden (Netherlands)
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Religious Revival in a Secular Age

• Philosophes hoped to improve European society
  through a __________ and __________ approach.
• MANY did NOT share this view
• Strong evidence by several movements of religious
  revival

21
Religious Revival in a Secular Age
(1703-1791)
(1700-1760)
John Wesley
Count von Zinzendorf
Methodism Appealed to?
Pietist Revival
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Religious Revival in a Secular Age

• Many enlightened monarchs approached religious
  matters with __________ and attempted to create a
  barrier between
• (1)
• (2)
• Monarchs began to extend religious toleration to
  minorities
• Joseph II of Austria Edict of Toleration(1781)
• Jews?

23
Popular Culture and Leisure

• Literacy increased among all classesso any
  differences?
• Novels ?
• chapbooks and almanacs
• Oral culture remained strong among the illiterate
• One artist reflected and influenced mass culture

(1697-1764)
William Hogarth
24
Popular Culture and Leisure

• Celebration played a key role in the cycle of
  seasonal work
• Tradition of
• (1)
• (2)

Carnival
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Popular Culture and Leisure

• Drink has always played a major social and
  dietary role in the lives of Europeans
• Taverns drunk for a penny, dead drunk for two

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Popular Culture and Leisure
Bloodsports