Cell Structure and Function

1
Cell Structure and Function

• Create a new vocabulary page (Unit 2)
• Define the words in the Words to know list page
  122 of text.
• Also list and define ORGANELLE
• Use the text book to assist you in
• A) labelling the parts of the cell in handout
• B) competing the function of the listed
  structures
• Complete Help Wanted Ad (Activity pg 125)

2
Sequence Activity

• Work in pairs
• Cut out shapes
• Make a single chain that is 8 bases long
• Add the other bases to opposite sides to make a
  double chain
• Compare your DNA strand with others, paying
  attention to the sequence of the base pairs

3
Complete

• Identify The Mutation page 137
• Reading check pg 141

4
Complete

• Read page 131 (and study diagram)
• Complete reading check page 132
• Complete questions 1-7 pg 135

5
Reproduction
6
Reproduction Summary

• Role of the Nucleus
• Chromosomes
• mutations
• Mitosis and Asexual Reproduction
• Cell cycle
• Types of asexual reproduction
• Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
• Process of meiosis
• Stages of Sexual Reproduction
• Embryonic development

7
Cells

• All living things are composed of cells
• 2 main cell types (generalized)
• Plant cells have a cell wall, have chloroplasts
  (green organelles that create sugar from
  sunlight, CO2 and water), single large vacuole
• Animal cells no cell wall, no chloroplasts,
  multiple small vacuoles

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Animal Cell
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Plant Cell
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DNA

• The nucleus contains DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
  molecules
• The DNA molecules consist of a sugar-phosphate
  backbone and base pairs
• Segments of the molecules are genes
• Genes specify proteins
• The sequence of the base pairs in the gene
  determines the protein made
• Proteins determine physical traits

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• Alternative photos online

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Mutation

• A mutation is a change in the sequence of base
  pairs
• New sequence different protein
• different protein different physical trait
• Example albino mutation

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Mutation Categories

• Mutations can be
• Positive
• negative
• Neutral
• Caused by
• Chemicals (mutagens)
• Energy such as x-ray and ultra-violet rays
• Viruses
• Cancer is a mutation!

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Mutation types

• Point mutation a single base changes
• Addition/deletion mutation extra bases get added
  or bases get subtracted from the chromosome
• Inversion a section of the chromosome gets
  turned around the wrong way

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Gene Therapy

• Viruses hijack peoples cells by inserting their
  DNA or RNA into their cells
• Some viruses insert their DNA into the
  chromosomes of the host cell
• If a doctor inserts a good gene into a virus,
  that good gene can be inserted into a host cell
  of a person with a genetic disorder by giving
  then the virus

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Chapter 4 Overview

• The nucleus controls the rest of the cell by
  controlling which proteins the cell makes.
• The nucleus does not make the proteins, but sends
  out a blueprint (RNA) to a ribosome where the
  protein is made
• Mutations occur to DNA by changing the order of
  the base pairs
• Gene therapy is being used to try to correct
  diseases that are a result of a non-functioning
  gene

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Chapter 4 Quiz Monday X2

• Complete pg 146-147
• Checking Concepts 2-4, 6-12
• Understanding Key Concepts 14-21

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Complete

• Pg 145 1-13

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Test Tomorrow

• Complete
• pg 145 14-17
• Pg 147 2-4, 6-12, 14-22

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TEST TODAY!

• When finished, return test paper to front of room
• Complete activity 5-1A pg 152
• Add words from pg 150 to your vocabulary list
• Get ahead read pages 153-155

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Cancer revisited

• Cancer is a disease that results in uncontrolled
  cell division
• Cancerous cells have had mutations that has
  destroyed the genes that control the frequency of
  cell division

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The Cell Cycle
G Gap S Synthesis M Mitosis
Lets look at this
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This happens during INTERPHASE!
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Mitosis
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Work to Complete

• Complete Cell Cycle/Cell Growth worksheet and
  hand in today.
• Questions page 165 (Even ones only).
• Quicky-Quiz Tuesday on Mitosis

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Contributors to Cancer
Alcohol Linked to cancers of the mouth,
larynx, throat, esophagus, and liver Food
Obesity increases the risk of many cancers.
Salt-cured, smoked, and nitrite-cured foods are
linked to cancers of the
stomach and esophagus. Additives and
preservatives are linked to some cancers.
High-fat diets may contribute to the development
of certain cancers . Home Exposure to
materials made from manufactured fibres such as
carpets, plastic, rayon, and
insulation linked to cancer Exposure to
cleaners, paints, and other chemicals linked to
cancer Radiation X rays, the Sun, and radon in
cigarettes linked to cancer Sunlight
Exposure to sunlight is considered a major cause
of skin cancer. Tobacco Responsible for
about 30 percent of all cancer-related deaths
Smoking is responsible for most cases of lung
cancer. Cause of mouth and throat
cancer Work Exposure to chemicals such as
chromate and asbestos increases risk.
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Complete

• Pg 165 1-12
• Add the words on pg 166 to your vocabulary list
• Next week Asexual Reproduction
• Chapter 5 test Thursday

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Welcome Back
31
Quicky Quiz. Short Answers, diagrams

• Draw a cell that is in METAPHASE.
• Mitosis is the process by which we ________ and
  ________ our bodies.
• Describe cytokinesis.
• If a cell has distinct chromosomes that are not
  ordered in any way, no nuclear membrane, and
  spindle fibers are starting to appear, what phase
  is it in?

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Asexual Reproduction

• Mitosis is the method of cell division by which
  we grow and repair our bodies
• It is also used by some organisms to reproduce
• Most plants, some animals and all bacteria can
  reproduce asexually
• Asexual reproduction means reproduction with only
  one parent

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Asexual Reproduction

• 6 groups, please
• Each Group is assigned one of the topics
• Using textbook, answer the three key questions
  for you topic
• Enter your responses into the correct location on
  computer

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TOPICS by Group

• Cloning
• Binary Fission
• Budding
• Fragmentation
• Vegetative Reproduction
• Spore Formation

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The Three Key Questions

• What is it?
• Who does it?
• What is the benefit to the organism (or to the
  organisms group)?

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Cloning
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Binary Fission
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Budding
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Fragmentation
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Vegetative Reproduction
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Spore Formation
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Advantages to Asexual Reproduction

• Large numbers of offspring produced
• No energy spent finding a mate
• Species survivorship increased because of the
  large numbers of individuals
• Species can gain a competitive advantage because
  of the large numbers of individuals

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Disadvantages to Asexual Reproduction

• Offspring are all genetically identical, so a
  negative mutation would affect all of them
• Offspring are all identical so a change in the
  environment may cause all of them to die
• Offspring are located close together and close to
  parent, so overcrowding may occur

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Cloning First the Science

• Cloning takes place in nature asexual
  reproduction
• 2 types of human assisted cloning
• Reproductive Cloning
• Adult DNA is taken from an animal and put into an
  egg cell and implanted into a female
• Poor success rate, poor health and short lived
  animals result

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• Therapeutic Cloning
• Taking (embryonic) stem cells and replacing the
  DNA with the patients DNA
• Putting the stem cells in an environment such
  that they grow and develop into a particular
  organ or tissue
• The organ or tissue is then placed into patient

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Cloning Issues

• Cloning making a genetically identical offspring
  of an animal
• Cloning making your own replacement body parts
• Cloning a vile unethical practice that must be
  stamped out
• Cloning a way to get more of the best of human
  kind (like me?)
• Nobody seems to be excited about plant cloning!
• What do you think?

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Spore Formation
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Fragmentation
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Vegetative Reproduction
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Budding
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Binary Fission
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Mitosis / Asexual Reproduction(Chapter 5) Test
Friday
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Past Work take up Thursday

• Page 183 1, 3-13
• Stages of Cell Cycle/Cell Growth and Division
  work sheet
• Mitosis work sheet
• page 165 (Even ones only)

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Chapter 5 Overview

• The Cell Cycle
• Growth, DNA replication, Mitosis, cytokinesis
• Mitosis
• Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
• Cancer is unrestricted cell division and growth
• Mitosis is the basis for Asexual Reproduction
• Budding, fragmentation, binary fission,
  vegetative propagation, spore formation
• Cloning

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Chapter 6 Sexual Reproduction

• Sexual Reproduction causes diversity
• Meiosis vs Mitosis
• Fetal Development

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Sexual Reproduction

• Reproduction through the process of parents
  producing gametes
• gametes from 2 different individuals fuse to
  create offspring
• the offspring is a genetic mixture of its parents
• Gametes from an individual are not identical, so
  offspring from the same parents are not identical
  

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Gamete Formation

• Gametes are the sexual reproductive cells
• Gametes form through a special cell division
  process called MEIOSIS
• MEIOSIS results in non-identical cells with half
  the normal genetic material
• Since gametes fuse together, the resulting cell
  has the normal amount of genetic material

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Diploid-Haploid

• The diploid number is the total number of
  chromosomes in a NORMAL body cell
• Also known as 2n
• The haploid number is the number of unique
  chromosomes
• Also known as n

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Infertility

• The inability to have offspring
• Caused by
• Genetics
• Ill health
• Disease
• Medical treatment
• Life style ?
• Accidents
• May be overcome by modern techniques/technology

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Assisted Reproductive Technologies

• Get in groups of 3 or 4
• Divide up the 4 topics (1 topic per person)
• Artificial insemination
• In-vitro fertilization
• GIFT
• ICSI
• Read your topic, then share with the other 3in
  your group
• As a group, discuss other Assisted Reproductive
  Technologies that you may have heard about
• Discuss the social implications of A.R.T.s that
  allow genetic make-up selection

One person in a group of three
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Problems

• Page 231