HOW FIBER OPTICS WORK

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Introduction

• HOW FIBER OPTICS WORK

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• Fiber optics ( optical fibers) are long, thin
  strands of very pure glass about the size of a
  human hair. They are arranged in bundles called
  optical cables and used to transmit signals over
  long distances.

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Elements of Fiber Optics

• If you look closely at a single optical fiber,
  you will see that it has the following
• Core- Thin glass center of the fiber where the
  light travels.
• Cladding- Outer optical material surrounding the
  core that reflects light back into the core.
• Buffer coating- Plastic coating that protects the
  fiber from damage and moisture.

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Optical fibers comes in two types

• Single-mode fibers
• Multi-mode fibers

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Single-mode Multi-mode

• Single-mode fibers have small cores and transmit
  infrared laser light.
• Multi-mode fibers have larger cores and transmit
  infrared light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

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BW Capacity of Fiber Optics

• To give perspective to the incredible capacity
  that fibers are moving toward, a10-Gbps signal
  has the ability to transmit any of the following
  per second
• 1000 books
• 130,000 voice channels
• 16 high-definition TV (HDTV)channels or 100 HDTV
  channels using compression techniques. (an HDTV
  channel requires a much higher bandwidth than
  todays standard television).

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Benefits of fiber-optic cables over electrical

• Wider bandwidth
• Low loss
• Lightweight
• Small size
• Security
• Interference immunity
• Greater safety