LAND STUDIES in GEOMATICS

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LAND STUDIESin GEOMATICS
2nd April 2000
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OUTLINE

• SENSE OF PLACE - Concept
• DISCUSSION - Your sense of place
• AUSTRALIA AS A PLACE - Perception
• TERRITORIALITY
• CADASTRAL CONCEPTS

BREAK!
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• MEANING OF LAND (IMPLICATIONS)
• RIGHTS, RESPONSIBILITIES RESTRICTIONS
• FUTURE RIGHTS IN LAND - FIG
• DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAND REFORM
• CASE STUDIES
• QUESTIONS

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SENSE OF PLACE

• Spiritual approach
• Heritage symbolism
• Lidice
• Carthage
• Tahiti
• Warsaw
• Coventry/Hiroshima v Oxford/Kyoto
• Paris
• Ulysses
• Tower of London
• Heritage value

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MAPPING LANDSCAPES OF THE MIND

• Cultural differences
• Different perspectives

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TERRITORIALITY...

• is the primary expression of social power

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SKETCH OF EVOLUTION OF WESTERN LAND
ADMINISTRATION SYSTEMS
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NOMADIC SURVIVAL

• Aboriginal land use
• Concept of environment
• Aboriginal cadastre
• Rights and obligations

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FEUDAL SOCIETY

• Obligations for the right to use land
• Range of interests
• Administrative boundaries
• Increased use of money led to the decline of
  aristocratic power

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• Resource exploitation
• Exodus from rural areas
• Invention of capitalism
• Complex land laws
• Revisitation of territoriality

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SETTLEMENT IN AUSTRALIA

• Last vestiges of feudalism
• Failure to cope with the environment
• Legal rights, common law and statute
• Degrees of interest and rights

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TRADITIONAL PERSPECTIVE TO RIGHTS

• Focussed on the individual
• Christians are the most anthropocentric
• Rights relate to land parcels
• Emerging countries follow polygon based rights

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CURRENT THINKING AS TO RIGHTS

• FIG Commission VII

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A CADASTRE...

• will not, of itself, produce good land use and
  development. It is a necessary tool, a part of
  government machinery.
• complements measures or reforms and thus
  contributes to necessary changes
• is not a system of land tenure but a system of
  recording existing land tenure situations
• (cont)

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A CADASTRE (cont)

• does not convert customary tenure, but registers
  according to existing land law.
• is a tool to preserve the results of land reform,
  to record rights to land, to provide clarity of
  legal security and of itself is not
  result-producing. It is ancillary to other
  measures which do not work without a cadastre.

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• BREAK!

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WHAT IS LAND?

• Land as space
• Land as spiritual attachment
• Land as community (territoriality)
• Land as geographic location/situation
• Land as a resource
• Land as capital
• Land as environment
• Land as property

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RIGHTS RESPONSIBILITIES RESTRICTIONS

• Land ownership?

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PROPERTY CONCEPTS

• State Property - land ownership and control rests
  in hands of State
• Private Property - individual or group with legal
  or social sanction to exclude others.
• Common Property - eg traditional or customary
  ownership
• Open Access - effectively no property

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STATEMENT ON THE CADASTRE

• Guaranteed ownership and security of land tenure
• Provide security for credits
• Develop and monitor land matters
• Support land and property taxation
• Protect state lands
• Reduce land disputes
• Facilitate land reforms (cont)

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STATEMENT ON THE CADASTRE (cont)

• Improve land use planning
• Support environmental management
• Produce statistical data

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POLITICAL STABILITY

• Land rights are strong social and political
  arguments
• Economic decisions

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PUBLIC v PRIVATE INTERESTS

• Avoids conflict of interest
• Identifies different land use zones
• Lack of such zoning can result in lack of
  security leading to
• poor conditions for land credit
• problems for a transparent land market
• arbitrariness, corruption and political
  disturbances

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SUPPORT OF ECONOMY

• Part of Internationalisation
• Operate more efficiently time and

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FUTURE RIGHTS IN LAND

• Cadastre 2014 (FIG Commission 7)
• Legal land objects
• private property parcels
• areas where traditional rights exist
• administrative units
• zones for protection of water, noise and
  pollution
• land use zones
• permitted exploitation of natural resources

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TYPES OF LAND REFORM

• Imposed Re-distributive Reforms
• Land Tenure reform
• Negotiated Land Tenure Reforms
• Market - led Reform
• Land Reform through Restitution

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Imposed Redistributive Reforms

• Taken from large holders and given to small
  eg. Chile
• Both very successful and very unsuccessful!

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Land Tenure Reform

• Means of achieving more efficient and equitable
  distribution of land and resources.
• Focus on support for
• social
• policitcal
• economic
• Creation of unambiguous property rights
• legal reform
• property rights

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Negotiated Land Tenure Reforms

• Negotiated transfer of land from large owners.
• eg Colombia, Brazil, and South Africa

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Market-led Reform

• Supply Demand

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Land Reform through Restitution

• Acknowledgment of land rights

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POST COMMUNISMLAND SYSTEMS

• Eastern Europe
• Restitution
• South East Asia
• Reapportionment
• Remembrement
• Freehold
• Leasehold
• Mapping

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AID IMPLICATIONS OF LAND REFORM

• Western Concepts
• Long Term Debt
• Social Structures
• Cultural impact
• Urban Growth
• Poverty
• Place of Women

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THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN COLONISATION

• Australia
• Africa
• Asia
• India
• New Zealand

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LAND STUDIESin GEOMATICS
2nd April 2000