451418 Land Administration

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451-418 Land Administration
451-607 Land Administration

Lecture 13

Spatial Data Infrastructures
SDIs
Abbas Rajabifard
8 April 2003
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Overview

• Spatial Data and Information
• Concept of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI)
• Nature and the Hierarchy of SDIs
• Issues of SDI Development
• SDI Development Models
• Generational Development of SDIs

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Spatial Data
- Spatial data/information is one of the most
critical elements underpinning decision making
for many disciplines,
- an estimated 90 of all information used by
government has geo-spatial characteristics or
attributes,
- 70-80 cost of any GIS project spend for data
collection, maintenance,...
- the same data sets will be collected by
different agencies again and again.
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Maximise Benefits
SYNERGY
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Getting a Rapid Return On All Your Information
Using New Technologies
Total Cost of Data and Information
Value of information
GPS
Knowl. economy
Internet
e-Government

e-Business
Cost
Value
Time
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Spatial Data Infrastructure

• SDI is an initiative necessary for the effective
  collection, management, access, delivery and
  utilisation of spatial data

• SDI is whole about facilitation and coordination
  of the exchange and sharing of spatial data

• First generation of SDIs development has emerged
  since mid 1980s.

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Spatial Data Infrastructure

• Also called
• Geospatial Data Infrastructure
• Geographic Data Infrastructure, or even
• Geospatial Information Environment
• (in Victoria)

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SDI Components
Data
Policy
Standards
SDI
Access Network

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Nature of SDI
Dynamic
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Nature of SDI
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SDI Hierarchy
Less detailed data
Global SDI
Regional SDI
National SDI
State SDI
Local SDI
Corporate SDI
More detailed Data
The success of developing any type of SDIs,
heavily depends to on individuals realising the
need to cooperate with each other.
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Relationships Among Different SDIs
Vertical Relationships
Global SDI
Regional SDIs
Horizontal relationships
National SDIs
State SDIs
Local SDIs
Corporate SDI
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Different views on SDI Hierarchy
Building Block View
Umbrella View
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Significance of SDIs

• support integrated decision making for
  substantial and sustainable development in both
  the developed and developing countries of the
  world,
• reduce duplication-cost and efforts,
• provide better data for decision making,
• support new business processes/create new
  business opportunities in geospatial information
  industry.

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Human and Community Issues
Communities/people concerned are expecting to
reap benefits from their investment in SDI in
terms of improved corporate performances and
cooperation. Therefore

• It is essential to understand the significance
  of human and community issues, as much as
  technical issues as they determine the long
  running success of an SDI innovation

• Developing a successful SDI must be seen as a
  socio-technical, rather than a purely technical
  exercise.

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Socio-Technical Viewpoint

• Techno-Centric
• Spatial data community
• Focus on technology
• Technology push
• Because its possible
• Others are developing
• Specified by technologist
• Static in nature

• Socio-Technical
• Spatial data community
• People and technology
• Demand pull
• Because its needed
• We need it
• Specified by Users
• dynamic in nature

(Modified from Petch and Reeve 1999)
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Issues of SDI Development

• Stakeholders
• Major Challenges
• balance the needs of the have and the have not
• Obstacles
• Organisational models
• Envisioned Tasks of an SDI Coordinating Agency

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Obstacles

• Technical issues
• lack of data, standards, metadata, search
  engines, communication network/bandwidth
• Economic/financial issues
• cost sharing
• Social/institutional/organisational issues
• awareness, education, pricing, security, freedom
  of access
• Political/legal issues
• sensitive data, intellectual property

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Other Issues involved in SDI Development

• Low rate of participation in SDI activities,
• The organisational structure of SDI Coordinating
  Agencies
• SDI conceptual models

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Some Reasons for the Limited Support

• Lack of awareness of the value of SDIs
• Defining the SDI
• The incompatibility of conceptual and
  organisational models with the perceived needs of
  users and
• The complexity of different issues such as
• diverse political, cultural and economical
  positions of members.

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Some Reasons for the Limited Support

• Based on the participation rate, Regional SDI
  remains an innovative concept among member
  nations.
• The theories of innovation diffusion will
  provide a useful framework for the study of
  Regional SDI development.

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SDI Development Models

• Product-Based Model (linked) database(s)
• Process-Based Model strategy required to manage
  information assets

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Product-Based Model
...the main aim of an SDI initiative being to
link existing and upcoming databases of the
respective political/administrative levels of the
community.
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Process-Based Model
...the main aim of an SDI initiative as defining
a framework to facilitate the management of
information assets.
..or the objectives behind the design of an SDI
are to provide better communication channels for
sharing and using data assets.
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Generational Development of SDIs
The First Generation of SDIs development has
emerged since mid 1980s when the USA and
Australia, for example, started to develop the
data access relationships which became the
precursor to the development of National SDI
initiatives. At this time, countries developing
SDI for any jurisdictional level had only very
limited ideas and knowledge about different
dimensions and issues of the SDI concept, rather
less experience of such development.
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Generational Development of SDIs
The transition to the Second Generation can be
marked by a change in focus on SDI development by
several countries involved in developing the
concept from the beginning. This was marked by a
rapid increase in the number of countries
becoming involved in SDI development, fostered by
the definition of an SDI community where they
could share and exchange experiences. This also
shows the continuum of strategic spatial data
development.

• Objectives of the SDI initiatives in the First
  Generation were
• to promote economic development,
• to stimulate better government, and
• to foster environmental sustainability.

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Generational Development of SDIs

• The Second Generation characteristically fall
  into two groups
• Those countries who started to develop an SDI
  initiative during the period of the First
  Generation and are gradually modifying and
  upgrading the initiative, and
• Those countries who have decided to design and
  develop an SDI for their respective countries
  and/or have just commenced doing so

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Generational Development of SDIs

• Distinguishing features of the Second Generation
  include
• leverage of the experiences,
• expertise,
• social capital of SDI development and
• the development of clearinghouse systems derived
  from the First Generation.

For the First Generation, data was the key driver
for SDI development and the focus of initiative
development. However For the Second Generation,
the use of that data (and data applications) and
the need of users are the driving force for SDI
development.
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Summary

• An SDI is much more than data and goes far
  beyond surveying and mapping
• It provides an environment within which
  organisations interact with technologies to
  foster activities for using, managing and
  producing spatial data and information.

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Summary

• People are looking for Faster, Cheaper, and
  Better technology, techniques or initiatives
• SDI is a long term process
• Keep yourself visible and make things easy to
  understand by everybody
• SDI is all about sharing
• Start it (even with less involvement), then
  others will join.

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Thank you