Diapositiva 1

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European Wind Energy Conference EWEC
2006 AthensThursday, 2 March 2006 Winning
hearts and minds Business Policy Track /
Session Code DB2 Guidelines for Realization of
Wind Plants and their Integration in the
Territory Authors Alessandro Brusa and Cristian
Lanfranconi APER, Italy
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• About APER - Italian Association of RES-E
  Producers
• With its 260 members, APER acts as a non-profit
  association promoting a wider culture of
  renewable energy in respect of the environment
  and in the view of a fully sustainable
  development.
• APER is a surely relevant actor in the Italian
  renewable energy market, its form of association
  and its composition of producers guarantee the
  independence of the organisation and the
  representation of all forms and sizes of
  technology.
• APER is the biggest Italian association within
  the category
• Producers gt 260
• Plant gt 400
• Power gt 2.000 MW
• Renewable energy yearly production gt 7 TWh

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APER WORK We collected experience from wind
plant producers as well as local
administrations, environmental associations and
international scientific literature. Target is
to offer a better understanding of wind energy to
regional and local administrations as well as
environmental associations Many viewpoints
need to be considered in realizing a wind
plant regulation, economic assessment, impact on
environmental and landscape, community acceptance
and associated infrastructures as electric net
and presence of roads It is important realize
that any wind plant has to be specifically
planned because of the individuality of the
concerned land.
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• APER WORK
• We started our research concerning Guidelines for
  Realization of Wind Plants and their Integration
  in the Territory from Italian legislation and RE
  producers experience.
• Italy show a complex orography which require a
  high degree of understanding of the land to
  integrate wind plants properly in the territory
• From the Italian case some more general
  considerations can be elaborated

Viewpoint to be considered in realizing a wind
plant
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• Viewpoint to be considered in realizing a wind
  plant
• Regulation
• Technical and economic assessment and
  exploitation of the wind energy source
• Impact on the environment and on the landscape
• Local community acceptance of the wind farm
• Associated presence of infrastructures as
  electric net and roads

• We identified five sets of relevant issues
• Identification of allowed, critical and forbidden
  area
• Technical requirements of the land
• Project and building issues
• Environmental and landscape issues
• Economic commitment

Target Advices/Recommendations for realization
of wind plants and their integration into the
territory
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• Environmental and landscape impacts
• Impact on vegetation, flora, fauna, birds and
  ecosystem
• Noise
• Electromagnetic impact
• Perturbation of the aerodynamic field
• Interference for telecommunications
• Visual impact in the landscape and integration in
  the territory

Wind power evolution and growing diffusion of
wind turbines on the land requires experts within
wind industry to develop and use new concepts to
fit wind plants properly in the environment in
order to 1. minimize and limit environmental
impact of the wind plant 2. fit wind farms in
the territory as welcome anthropic elements which
increase the value of the land It is important
realize that any wind plant has to be
specifically planned because of the individuality
of the concerned land. General criteria for wind
farm integration in the territory have do be
focused and adapted to the local context.
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Integration of wind plants in the territory and
landscape Flatland examples
Schonhagen 10 1000 kW
Roter Berg 4 1500 kW
Porep 31 2000 kW
Source WKN Windkraft Nord AG (D)
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Integration of wind plants in the territory and
landscape Plateau examples
La Muela, Aragon 132 750 kW
La Muela Aersa, Aragon 27 600 kW
Serra do Burgo, Orense 19 850 kW
Source http//www.industcards.com/wind-spain.htm
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Integration of wind plants in the territory and
landscape The analysis should take care of a set
of interacting natural and human components
Human components
Natural components
Infrastructures
Inhabited areas
Morphology
Agricoltural areas
Vegetation
Source ICQ Group (Italy)
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Literature studies show that

• Landscape impact due to
• Number of blades and number of towers
• Tower high and turbine size
• A few big turbines rather than a lot smaller ones
• Rotor movement has seen as a positive feature

Source ICQ Group (Italy)
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Some teaching experiences from the past
Analysis of the teaching examples

• missing observance of a minimum distance between
  aerogenerators and inhabited areas
• very high density of wind turbines
• missing observance of a minimum distance between
  aerogenerators themself
• tubular versus lattice tower (elderly concept, on
  the background)
• Plant design doesnt take care of the
  peculiarities of the area

Source internet
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Some positive examples from the gained
experiences
Breeding and
agricultural areas
Source internet and Edison Energie Speciali
(Italy)
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Some positive examples
industrial areas
Source internet
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Some positive examples
and tourist areas
Source internet
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Analysis of the positive examples

• low density of the towers
• tubular tower (no lattice one)
• integration with farming activities
• fauna not bothered by the wind farm
• correct fit of the plant on the environment
• wind park open to human activities and to the
  fauna
• design of the plant taking care of the
  peculiarities of the specific area
• correct fitting in an industrial area
• good message towards public opinion (wind plant
  and tourism)

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Is the plant planimetry sufficient in order to
fit correctly the wind farm into the land?
Usually it is not
Source Capurso - APER (Italy)
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Example 1 in a complex land two layout for one
wind farm
Potential area suitable for the plant
High slope wooded land with short transversal
dimension
Free land
Source Studio Rinnovabili (Italy)
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Analysis of the example n1
25 towers
Layout A
Layout A is not recommended because shows the
following issues High impact as visual
barrier Use of wooded land High slope area Short
transversal dimension close to mountain peak
Critical area
X
8 towers
Layout B
Layout B is recommended because take care of land
characteristics and mitigation strategies Minimum
distance between towers 250-300 m Layout
according with prevalent wind directions Exploitat
ion of non wooded area
2X
Source Studio Rinnovabili (Italy)
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Example 2 in a complex land Final Layout and
identification of the real static and dynamic
visual points
Wind plant

Static
Dynamic
Source ICQ Group (Ialy)
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Identification of the zone of visual influence
66 towers
44 towers
Source ICQ Group (Italy)
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Photomontage and rendering from different visual
points
Planned wind farm
Source ICQ Group (Italy)
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Some mitigation criteria

• Mitigation measures of the impact on the
  landscape
• design of the plant taking care of the
  peculiarities of the specific area
• underground cables
• Respect of a minimum distance from buildings
• Tower and blade typology and colour (latter or
  tubular)
• Neutral colour and anti reflex painting for
  towers and blades
• Signal for low-altitude flight just for more
  exposed towers taking care of safety requirements

• Bird preservation measures
• Appropriate design (Tubular tower versus lattice
  one)
• Make turbines and towers visible
• Slow rotating turbines
• Electrical cables to be laid down underground
• Avoid migration corridors
• Respect fauna breeding time

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Some mitigation criteria

• Specific measures in order to mitigate the impact
  of the wind farms on the territory and on the
  flora are
• control erosion
• Steadiness of the declivities
• minimize modifications of the habitat during
  building and working phases
• Use as much as possible existing roads and
  integrating in the specific landscape new access
  roads
• Aerial electric grid when underground
• cables are incompatible with environmental,
• geological or archaeologist issues
• Restriction of building time
• maximum reinstatement of the flora
• removed during building phase
• Return the area to the original use
• after the construction of the wind farm
• Return the area to the original state
• after decommissioning of the plant

7 m
5 m
Source internet
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Conclusions

• The secret is to develop wind plants interacting
  with the territory in order to grow its own
  value by
• Understanding of the territory and of its own
  peculiar characteristics
• Optimizing use of the infrastructures (roads,
  electric grid, substations,..)
• Evaluation of environmental impacts and risks
  (high nature quality, flora and fauna habitat,
  special protection areas and bird directive,
  breeding areas, forests,)
• Evaluation of visual impacts (landscape,
  historical, architectural and archeological
  heritage)
• Dialogue and involvement of public communities
  and local authorities
• The impact of the wind plant can be minimized by
  an appropriate selection of mitigation measures,
  planning plant decommissioning and restoring of
  the land.

The analysis should be developed chance by chance
and the plant has to be conceive and understood
as a new anthropic element which changes and
requalify the territory and the landscape as an
example of energetic architecture.
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APER Guidelines for Realization of Wind Plants
and their Integration in the Territory
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Thank you!
Cristian Lanfranconi, APER Milan,
Italy lanfranconi_at_aper.it www.aper.it
Source Energia Sud (Italy)