World Civ

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World Civ

• Ch 2- Mesopatamia

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Agricultural Socieites

• The Neolithic (New Stone) Revolution, c.
  10,000-c. 4000 B.C.E.
• Transition from a nomadic existence as
  hunter-gatherers to more settled lifestyle
• Invention of agriculture
• Domestication of animals

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Agricultrual Societies

• Farming Techniques
• Permanent Settlements
• Food Surplus
• Support Larger populations
• Socieies become increaseingly COMPLEX

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Complex Society?

• Non-food prodcuing activites
• Specialization of Society (increasingly gender
  based)
• Governemnt
• Social Hierarchy/ Stratification
• What is stratification?

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Urban Socieits

• Complex Socieites
• Begin about 6,000 years ago
• Major societies in MESOPATAMIA

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Mesopatamia

• Land between rivers
• Tigris and Euphrates brought fresh water
• Fertile Land

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Mesopatamia

• Map

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Mesopatamia

• Home to many of the worlds earliest, most
  propsperous cities
• Prosperity ?Population ? Culture

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Mesopotamian Empires
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Charecterstices

• 1) Government Instituions
• Order/ Stalibity
• 2) Social Classes
• Specialization of labor, Focus on
• 3) Cultural Traditions
• Tradetions, Religion
• How do these charecterstics apply to our society?

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Characteristics of Mesopotamia

• City states
• Each city had its own king and patron god or
  goddess
• City states often warred with each other
• Theocracy -- king as gods representative
• Highly legalistic
• Law Codes (Later written laws)
• Contracts
• Judicial proceedings and appeals processes

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Mesopatamia

• Land
• Between Rivers
• Little Rain
• Developed Irrigation (ditches, canals)
• Food Supply Increases Population Increases

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Sumerian Civilization

• Emerges about 6,000 years ago
• Population center of Mesopatamia
• Initially an agricultural community.
• They grew crops and stored food for times of
  need.
• Sumerians invented. the wheel, the sailboat,
  beer, glass and the first written language.

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Sumerian Cities

• Sumerians built many cities along the Tigris and
  the Euphrates Rivers.
• Cities had ports for fishing/ trade (as far away
  as India!)
• Large public buildings
• By 3000 B.C., there were 12 great Sumerian cities
  with thousands of people.

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Sumerian Society

• Stratification
• Priests Liason between people Gods
• Upper Class- Wealathy Elite Class
• Lower Class Working class (Farm or Shop)
• Slaves Prisoners, Out of town conquests

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Sumerian Society

• craftsmen
• made jewelry of gold
• fancy chairs and vases
• made beautiful things with the materials on hand.
• colorful mosaics in intricate patterns using
  little pieces of painted clay.

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Sumerian Pottery
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Sumerian Religion

• Polytheist - believed in many, many gods.
• Believed that everything that happened to them -
  good and bad - was the result of a god's pleasure
  or displeasure.
• Daily life was spent seeking ways to please and
  appease their gods.

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Sumerian Religion Cont

• Built huge temple structures, called ZIGGURATS
• Daily Religious ceremonies were held at the very
  top.
• People left offerings of food and wine.

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Sumerian Religion

• Each town and city was believed to be protected
  by its own, unique deity or god
• temples link heaven and earth.
• large, very ornate
• Pyramid-shaped structures on top of which the
  temple was built.
• Built of mud bricks with 3 to 7 terraced levels.
• Required MANY resources

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• zigguratLate Sumerian mud-brick temple-pyramid.

A reconstructed lower stage of the late Sumerian
ziggurat at Ur.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 459.
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Ziggurats

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Temple of Ur

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Sumerian Religion

• Temple was home of priests
• Temples were center of town and daily life
• Used for civic, social, economic, religious
  activities
• Craftsmen practiced craft at temple
• Sun dried brick homes surrounded temple
• Schools (boys only) attached to temple

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Sumerian Writing

• Record keeping was very important.. wrote
  everything down.
• Sons learned to read and write.
• Their written language was called cuneiform.

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Sumerian Cuneiform

• "word-pictures" on clay tablets
• Used a pointed instrument called a stylus.

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Writing
Tablet of pre-cuneiform scriptSouth
MesopotamiaUruk III, end of 4th millennium
BC.Clay (?sun-baked clay)Louvre
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Sumerian Schools

• Literacy was highly valued
• Sumerians set up first institutions of formal
  educations
• Education included writing and mathematics
• Educated were privileged elite government
  officials, scribes, etc.

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Epic of Gilgamesh

• Among oldest recorded stories in the world!
• A series of Sumerian legends and poems
• Stories about the hero-king Gilgamesh

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Gilgamesh, the Hero-King

• Ruled in Sumer c. 2700 BC
• Epic of Gilgamesh chronicles his reign
• Evolves from selfish, uncontrolled tyrant to
  kind ruler via
• friendship
• rebellion
• loss
• quest
• recognition of mortality
• acceptance of responsibility and service to the
  goddess Ishtar (Inanna)

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Sumerian Govt

• Initially, Assemblies of prominent men
• Later, monarchies established
• Kings claim authority in all realms

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THEOCRACYPriests-Kings Servants of the Gods

• The powerful gods communicate through the medium
  of priests
• Government priest class
• Ruler may be divine himself, or chosen by the
  god/gods
• - Each city had its own gods
• Religious Political power in the hands of a
  small group of people
• Gives political decisions a religious authority

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Govt

• Hammurabi
• Later Mesopotamian King
• 2,500 BC Created First Extensive Written Law
• Code of Hammurabi
• Centralizes government
• Regulated Taxes
• Capital is Babylon
• Law Code

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Code of Hammurabi

• King Hammurabis Code (18th century B.C.E.)
• Earliest known written laws
• Kings responsibility to maintain order and
  justice
• Basis of international commercial law regulated
  contracts, interest, mortgages, etc.
• Criminal penalties harsh and reflective of social
  hierarchy

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Hammurabi

• Laws created To promote the welfare of the
  people
• High Standards of Behavior/ Punishment
• Law of retaliation

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Hammurabi

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Mesopotamia's Decline
Continual warfare among Sumerian city states
Invading tribes Led to the downfall of Sumerian
civilization. Influence of Sumerian
civilization was felt in throughout the Near
East, Egypt, India, the Mediterranean
civilizations Crete, Mycenae, Greece, Rome, and
in Judeo-Christian traditions.
Victory Stele of Naram Sim c. 2300- 2200 B.C.E.
61/2' tall, sandstone
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Writing Activity

• Use your text and notes to answer the following
  question in at least 2 paragraphs.
• Mesopatamia is often referred to as the cradle
  of Civilization. Why is this? How did
  civilization begin in Mesopatamia? What do YOU
  think have been the most important contributions
  of Mesopatamia?
• Provide as many specific details as you can!

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Egypt

• Population Dispersion from Mesopatamia
• Agriclutre cultivation
• Animal domestication
• Specialized Labor
• Elaborate Cutlre
• Fast Grwoing Complex Society in Africa

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Charecterstics

• Centralized Power Pharoah
• Imperialism Military Expansion into the
  Northeast
• Stratifiedd/ Patriarchal Society
• Strong Commerce- INudstry, Transportation, Trade

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Charecteristics Cont

• Writing Systems- Heiroglyphics
• Organized Relgious- God Worship, Pyraminds,
  Mummification

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Egypt The Land

• Lower theird of Nile River
• Grew gourds, wheat and melons
• Domesticatred donkeys
• Large/ Prosperous State by 3,100 BC

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Egypt

• map

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Theocratic Government

• all Egyptian government was theocratic in form
• all power was concentrated in the Pharaoah
• the pharaoh was the head of a planned and
  organized economy

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Pharoah

• Pharaoh link between the gods and people
• Pharaoh divine
• his rule eternal and absolute
• Egypt was not just ruled for the gods
• but by a god

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The Pharaoh

• shed his temporary human status
• assumed the eternal divine status
• became the embodiment of the divine
• led a divine Egyptian state

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Two Kingdoms, 3,500 B.C.

• two kingdoms
• upper and lower Egypt
• same culture
• same language
• same gods

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Unification

• the most important event in Egyptian history
• what role did Menes play in religion and politics
  ?
• how was unification maintained ?

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Unification of Egypt
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Egypt History

• Broken into 3 major periods
• Old Kingdom
• Middle Kingdom
• New Kingdom

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Old Kingdom

• About 4,000 years ago
• Trade outside the Nile Valley Emerged
• Egyptian Army/ Military Class Developed
• Earluyies Pyrmaids built at this time
• Initialy very crude

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Great Pyramids of Giza

• Built during Old Kingdom

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Middle Kingdom

• 3,500- 4,000 years ago
• Trade Expanded
• Cultivation of crops
• mined gold
• Quarries were dug for building projects.
• Continued pyramid building
• Every Pharaoh was buried in their own pyramid.

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New Kingdom

• About 3,000 years ago
• MIlitirary built up
• Temples, Palaces, Statues
• Hatshepsut Rules during New Kingdom

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Egyptian Transportation

• Mesopotamia wheeled vehicles and boats
• Egypt boats (The Nile as Highway)
• sailboats still a major means of transportation
• Old and Middle Kingdom wheeled vehicles rare

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Eguptian Society

• Fewer cities than Mesopatamia
• More agricultural villages
• Social Stratification

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Women in Egypt

• More active than in Mesopatamia
• Hatshepsut (New Kingdom)
• Focused on culture
• Propserous, peaceful reign

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Architecture

• lacks timber
• used mud-brick
• main building STONE

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Sculpture

• early and sophisticated development
• human figures and archicectural forms
• led to great expertise in painting and other
  representational arts

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Egyptian Writing

• Heiroglypjics
• Monuments and Payrus
• Scribes Upper class

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Egyptian Religion
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Egyptian Religion

• influenced every aspect of Egyptian life
• influenced every aspect of Egyptian development
• gave very strong resilience to Egyptian culture
• survived virtually unchanged for 3,000 years

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Egyptian Religion

• Principal Gods- Amon and Re
• Book of the Dead

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The Gods

• Mesopotamian gods mostly anthropomorphic
• Egyptian gods vary wildly
• animals, human, celestial bodies, etc.
• Gods create ORDER out of CHAOS
• Make Sence of the World

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Egyptian Religion

• each city had its patron deity
• emergence of national government caused some to
  be more important
• as dynasties changed, the primary gods
  changedWHY?

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Different Perspectives

• Mesopotamians pessimistic
• life is unpredictable, their gods unstable, their
  afterlife indistinct and undesirable
• Egyptian religion inspired confidence
• in the eternal, stable order of the universe

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Belief in AFterlife

• first to really develop the idea
• sophisticated consciousness
• another order of existence

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Mumification

• Egyptians believed that preserving the body in
  death was important to keep their soul alive
• Old Kingdom Only Pharoahs mummififes
• Later, Other Elites who could afford it were also
  mummified

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What is Mummification?

• Embalmers were priests
• Mummification was a ritual.both surgical and
  ritual precision.
• The embalmers were required to work and labor
  outside of the town in a workshop called a
  Wabet or a clean place.

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Mummification Cont

• The head priest that supervised the ritual wore a
  terra-cotta mask in the form of Anubis. Anubis
  was the chosen god for surgeons, and for priests
  performing the mummification process.)
• Mask symbolized Anubis watching over the
  mummification process to guide the priests in the
  ritual.
• Important that the priest did not make any
  unnecessary cuts in the body, because if the
  spirit could not recognize the body it would be
  doomed to wonder across the Earth and possibly
  haunt the priest responsible.

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Mummification

• Organs - brain, stomach, lungs, intestines, liver
  removed (Heart left in place.to be weighed in
  the afterlife)
• Placed in canopic jars
• Carved out of alabaster
• Inscribed with spells that would one day enable
  the organs to rejoin the body when it was
  resurrected
• body and organs were preserved with spices and
  dried out with salt
• entire preservation process took about 70 days

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Mummification

• Then.. the body was wrapped in linen.
• Death masks were placed on the head of the mummy
• Bodies then placed in tomb

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Pyramids
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King Tut
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Cult of Osiris

• Jealous borther kills and dismembers Osiris
• Wife, Isis, revives Osiris
• Life restored in underword
• Judge the dead Wieghs heart against a feather

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