World%20History

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World History

• Chapter 2 Section Four

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Egyptian Civ.

• Religion affected daily life in Egypt
• What we know comes from inscriptions on walls and
  tombs

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Gods and Goddesses

• Sun god was tops Re
• Became associated with Amon
• Called Amon-Re great god
• Pharaohs received right to rule from Amon-Re
• Osiris and Isis Osiris ruled underworld and the
  Nile controlled annual flood
• Isis taught women to weave cloth, grind corn,
  spin flax and raise children

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• Amenhotep IV tried to reshape religion
• He served Aton minor god
• Changed name to Akhenaton
• Ordered priests to only serve Aton
• Most ignored him and after he died they went back
  to their old ways

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Afterlife

• All Egyptians believed in afterlife
• Soul had to pass test to win eternal life
• Ferried across lake of fire to Hall of Osiris
  heart was weighed against the feather of truth
• Sinners fed to the Eater of Death
• Worthy field of food live forever
• To survive underworld used book of the dead
  spells, charms, formulas

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Preparation of the Dead

• Afterlife much like life on Earth
• Buried dead with everything they would need
• Mummification - preservation of the body
  embalm, wrap in cloth
• At first only rulers/nobles
• Then ordinary people and pets

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Tutankhamen

• New Kingdom pharaohs buried in the Valley of
  the Kings
• Tombs filled with treasure robbed long ago
• Tutankhamens tomb untouched and offered many
  artifacts and information
• Solid gold coffin etc. on display in Cairo museum

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Society

• Pharaoh at the top with royal family
• Government officials
• High priests and priestesses
• Merchants, scribes, artisans
• Peasants and slaves
• Most people were farmers offseason they
  worked for Pharaoh building palaces, temples,
  tombs

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Social Change

• Trade and warfare increased
• More trade more money more business
  opportunities more business for artisans

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Women

• Generally had a higher status than in other
  civilizations
• Ramses II said a woman could go where she wanted
  and no one could stop her
• Own property, business deals, buy and sell, go to
  court, obtain a divorce
• Women made perfumes, textiles, doctors, managed
  estates, priests
• Few women learned to read and write
• If they did they were still excluded from
  government

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Advances in Learning

• Developed writing multiple
• Hieroglyphics system of pictures represent
  objects, concepts or sounds
• Often carved in stone
• Hieratic simpler writing for everyday use
  cursive form of writing by simplifying hieroglyphs

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• Papyrus paper like writing material from plants
• Writing on this was easier than chiseling in
  stone
• Official writing was still done in stone

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Rosetta Stone

• Meanings of hieroglyphs lost
• 1800s Jean Champollion deciphered hieroglyphs
  by decoding the Rosetta Stone
• Flat black stone has the same passage in three
  languages hieroglyphs, demotic script, Greek
• By comparing them, found the meaning of many
  hieroglyphs
• Scholars could now read ancient records of Egypt

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Science and Math

• Accumulated knowledge in medicine, astronomy,
  math
• Physicians believed in magic
• Learned about the body through mummification
• Could diagnose and cure
• Performed surgeries
• Used herbal remedies
• Mapped constellations calendar 12 months, 30
  days
• Geometry to survey land and build pyramids

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Egyptian Art and Literature

• Statues, paintings, poems, stories, carvings
• Show everyday scenes in life Farming, family
  life, ceremonies
• The larger the person drawn / Carved importance
• Sphinx pharaoh as lion / man

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Literature

• Oldest hymns and prayers to gods, proverbs and
  love poems