Matter

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Matter

• Pasterik
• 2006

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What are substances made of?

• Matter
• What is Matter?
• Matter is anything that takes up space and has a
  mass.
• Can exist in any of four states under the right
  conditions. They are 1. Solid, 2. Liquid, 3.
  Gas, and 4. Plasma

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Solid

• Every solid has a
• definite shape and
• definite volume.
• In most solids the particles
• are arranged in repeating
• geometric patterns.
• These arrangements form
• crystals.

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Amorphous Solids

• Some materials such as glass, many plastics, and
  some kinds of wax appear to be solid, but are not
  made of crystals.
• These types of solids are called amorphous
  solids.
• Amorphous means having no form.
• Some scientists would classify these as very
  thick liquids.

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Kinetic Theory of Matter

• What accounts for the characteristics of solid
  matter?
• Tiny particles in constant motion make up all
  matter.
• This idea is called the kinetic theory of matter.

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Solids

• Solids retain their shape regardless of the
  container they are in.
• They have a constant shape and volume.

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Liquid

• A liquid flows
• and takes the
• shape of its container.
• Liquids cant normally
• be squeezed into
• a smaller volume.

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Liquids

• Liquids have a constant volume, but will take the
  shape of the container they are held in.
• The particles are not held in place.

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Gases

• Gases are springy.
• They expand or
• contract to fill the
• space available to
• them and can be
• squeezed into a
• smaller space.
• A gas has no definite shape or definite volume.

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Gases

• Gases do not have a constant shape and do not
  have a constant volume.
• The particles of a gas have enough energy to
  spread widely apart from one another.

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What causes the pressure of a gas?

• Pressure is caused by the gas particles colliding
  with the walls of its container.
• Collisions between air molecules and the inside
  of a balloon keep it inflated.
• Pressure is the amount of force exerted per unit
  of area. P F / A
• The Pascal is the metric unit of pressure.

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Robert Boyle

• Robert Boyle (1627
• -1691) was a British
• scientist who studied
• and described properties
• of gases.
• Developed a law known as Boyles Law.

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Boyles Law

• If you decrease the volume of a container of gas,
  the pressure will increase, provided that the
  temperature does not change.

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Jacques Charles

• Jacques Charles (1742-1823) was a French
  scientist who also studied gases.
• Developed the law now known as Charles Law.

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Charles Law

• The volume of a gas increases with increasing
  temperature, provided that the pressure does not
  change.

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Kinetic Theory of Matter

• As a gas is heated, its particles move faster and
  faster, and its temperature increases.
• Because the gas particles move faster, they begin
  to strike the walls of their container more often
  and with more force.
• If the walls are free to move the gas pushes the
  walls out and expands.

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Plasma

• Plasma is a gas-like mixture of positively and
  negatively charged particles.
• Plasma is found naturally in the sun and other
  stars.
• Heating a substance to above 5000ºC produces
  plasma.

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Behavior of Fluids

• A fluid can be a solid, liquid or a gas.
• Particles of a fluid slide past one another and
  do not halt motion through the substance.
• Although fluids do resist motion through the
  substance, i.e. fluid friction.

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Archimedes Principle

• According to Archimedes Principle, the buoyant
  force on an object is equal to the weight of the
  fluid displaced by an object.
• The greater the density of the liquid, the
  greater the buoyant force.

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Buoyancy

• Buoyancy is the ability of a fluida liquid or a
  gasto exert an upward force on an object
  immersed in it.

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Buoyant Force

• If the buoyant force is less than the objects
  weight the object will sink.

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Buoyancy

• If the buoyant force equals or exceeds the
  objects weight, the object will float.

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Pascals Principle

• Pascals principle states that pressure applied
  to a fluid is transmitted, unchanged, throughout
  the fluid.
• A hydraulic lift is a machine that makes use of
  Pascals principle.

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Bernoullis Principle

• According to Bernoullis Principle, as the
  velocity of a fluid increases the pressure
  exerted by the fluid decreases.

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Bernoullis Principle
Higher velocity less pressure
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Bernoullis Principle
Lift
Higher velocity less pressure
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Physical Properties

• The state of matter of a substance is determined
  by its physical properties.
• Physical property is a quality that can be
  observed or measured without changing the
  chemical makeup of a substance.

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Physical Properties of Matter

• Examples of physical properties are
• (you should define each of the following)
• Density Hardness Melting point
• Malleability Color Boiling Point
• Ductility Luster Optical Properties
• Conductivity Odor -Transparent
• Elasticity Taste -Translucent
• Solubility Texture -Opaque

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Can Matter Be Changed?

• Yes, in two ways,
• Physical
• Chemical

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Physical Changes

• Physical Changes are changes in matter that do
  not change the individual chemical atoms or
  molecule.
• Characteristics of physical changes
• The shape, size or state of matter changes.
• No new substances with new properties are formed.
  
• Reversal of the action that caused the change may
  restore the substance to its original form.

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Change in State

• Evaporation is a change in state.
• Evaporation is the change of a substance from the
  liquid state to the solid state.
• Evaporation happens at the surface of the liquid
  when liquid molecules escape into the atmosphere.

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Chemical Changes

• Chemical changes are changes in matter in which
  chemical atoms are changed and new molecules are
  formed.
• Characteristics of chemical changes
• New substances with new properties are formed.
• The original substances can only be restored by
  chemical means.
• Evidence of chemical action is usually apparent
  for example, by production of light, heat, a gas,
  or other new substance.

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Types of Matter

• Element a substance that cannot be broken down
  into simpler substances by ordinary chemical
  means.
• Compound composed of two or more elements that
  are chemically joined or Bonded together.

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Types of Matter

• Mixture a substance made of two or more elements
  or compounds that have not combined chemically
  with each other.
• Solution a type of mixture in which the
  particles of both substances are evenly
  distributed. Typically a liquid, it can be
  colored or colorless, but is generally
  transparent to translucent.

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Atoms and Elements

• Chemical elements are simple forms of matter that
  cannot be changed into any simpler form of matter
  by ordinary means.
• An atom is the smallest particle of an element.
• What is the difference?
• Let's use Hydrogen as an example

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Hydrogen

• Hydrogen is an element that is composed of atoms.
  
• Hydrogen is represented with a capitol H.
• We can find H in water, alcohol, the atmosphere,
  and in many other substances.
• A Hydrogen atom will look like this

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Hydrogen

• Hydrogen the element is comprised of many atoms,
  thus it will look more like this

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Elements and Atoms

• Elements can be broken down into individual
  atoms, but atoms are the smallest particles of
  that element.
• Atoms are made up of even smaller particles
  called protons, neutrons and electrons.