Frameworks for Planning Instruction

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Frameworks for Planning Instruction
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Views of Learning
Cognitive
Behaviorist
Constructivist
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Views of Competence
Constructivist
Objectivist

• Analytical
• Explicit
• Scientific
• Symbolic
• Algorithmic
• Mechanistic
• Information
• Rationalistic
• Objective

• Intuitive
• Tacit
• Experiential
• Narrative
• Enculturational
• Interpretative
• Knowledge
• Romantic
• Subjective

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Contrasts of Two PerspectivesAnalysis

• Constructivist
• Holistic
• Context

• Objectivist
• Parts-oriented
• Separated/Simplified

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Contrasts of Two PerspectivesTeaching

• Constructivist
• Distributed Control
• Distributed Activities
• Multiple Perspectives
• Includes Complexity
• Negotiates Objectives
• Integrates Across Disciplines

• Objectivist
• Centralized Control
• Single Correct Perspective
• Simplifies Complexity
• Receives Objectives
• Compartmentalizes Knowledge

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Contrasts of Two PerspectivesLearner Role

• Constructivist

• Objectivist

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Contrasts of Two PerspectivesLearning Strategies

• Constructivist
• Generative
• Focus on Process and Reasoning
• Prone to Error
• Question Generation

• Objectivist
• Preconstructed
• Focus on Specific Content
• Errors Less Likely
• Question Answerers

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Contrasts of Two PerspectivesAssessment

• Constructivist
• Dyanamic
• Based on Learners Problems
• Looks for Understanding
• Embedded in Instruction

• Objectivist
• Static
• Based on External Problems
• Looks for Recall of External Information
• Follows Instruction

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Describing Performance
Work Contexts
Basic Skills
Technical Skills
Job Descriptions
InterpersonalSkills
Task Listings
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Competency-Based

• Task Listings
• Task Analysis
• Cognitive
• Psychomotor
• Affective
• Hierarchy of Enabling Competencies
• Sequenced Instruction
• Minimum Standards

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Activity System
Tools
Object/Outcome
Subject
Roles
Rules
Community
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Performance Descriptions

• Conditions/Setting
• Performance
• Standard

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Expressive Objectives

• Processes
• Experiences
• Involvements