Theories of prejudice Duckitt, 2003

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Theories of prejudice(Duckitt, 2003)

• Prejudice negative intergroup attitude
• Categorisation (assimilation, differentiation)
• Structure of attitudes
• Negative stereotypes (cognitive)
• Negative feelings (affective)
• Negative inclinations (behavioural)
• Manifestations of a single negative dimension ?

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Negative stereotypes

• Cognitive structures, organising attributes
  (consensually) associated with social groups
• Expectancy about group, tendency to confirm
• Stereotypes and discriminatory behaviour only
  weakly related

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Negative affect

• Anger, irritation, anxiety
• Unconscious, automatic, implicit
• Generally, more predictive of discriminatory
  behaviour than stereotypes

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Negative behaviour

• Social distance, avoidance of contact
• Usually consensual within-group conception of
  (ethnic) outgroup hierarchy
• Discriminatory behaviour (denial of equal
  treatment on the basis of category membership)
• Violence, aggression on the basis of category
  membership (hate crime, ethnic violence)

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Varieties of prejudice

• New racisms
• Symbolic racism (Sears), modern racism
  (McConahay), racial resentment (Kinder), subtle
  racism (Pettigrew)
• Reflecting values such protestant work ethic
  (PWE) and conservatism, anti-Black affect,
  socialisation hypothesis,
• Aversive racism (Gaertner Dovidio)
• Covert negative feelings, self-monitoring and
  rationalisation
• Ambivalent racism (Katz Hass)
• Coexistence of positive and negative feelings and
  values (humanitarianism and PWE)

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• Differences between old and new forms of
  racism and prejudice
• A matter of
• degree,
• quality, or
• social function ?

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New racismsCommonalities and missing parts

• Despite differences in underlying motivations
• Empirical similarity (? measures of symbolic,
  modern, subtle racism, racial resentment)
• Social acceptability, desirability, norms
• Rejection of categorical, absolute, essentialist
  judgements
• instead
• Individualised (conduct-based) judgements, value
  violation
• Affective judgements (e.g., uneasiness)
• Butexplanations strongly based on individual
  motivations, only marginal reference to social
  and ideological functions
• ? link to group dynamics is neglected

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Social functionsof old and new racisms

• Beforejustify segregation, group oppression,
  intergroup power relation, colonial rule
• Afterjustify discrimination in a diverse
  society, justify (mask) inequality (to account
  for subordinate status of minority groups with
  individual deficiencies and value violation)

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From old to new

• Change from old to new forms of racism reflects
  diversification, multiculturalism, pluralism of
  modern societies

• Between-group judgements(categorical
  differentiation)
• Within-group judgements(individual value
  violation)

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Other developmentsin prejudice research

• Essentialism (Hoffmann Hurst, Rothbart
  Taylor, Yzerbyt, N. Haslam)
• Subhumanisation (Billig, Leyens, Pérez)
• Intergroup level explanations of prejudice based
  on economic interdependence
• Group position theory (Bobo)
• System justification (Jost)
• Intergroup structure and stereotype content
  (Fiske, Glick)
• Social representational approach to stereotype
  content(Joffe Staerklé)

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Group position theory (L. Bobo)

• Race relations in U.S., subordinate position of
  Blacks
• Prejudice and racism reflects dominant and
  subordinate position of social groups
• Prejudice likely to develop when position of
  dominant groups is threatened by subordinate
  groups (encroachment)

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When minorities supporttheir own subordination

• System justification (Jost)
• Social dominance theory (Sidanius)
• ? Subordinate groups endorse beliefs, stereotype
  content that contributes to their own
  subordination

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Stereotype content model(Fiske Glick)

• Stereotype content is systematic
• Reflects structural interdependence between
  groups
• Status Competition
• Competence Warmth

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Stereotype content model
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Stereotype content model

• Illustration JSI 1999
• PrecursorsG. Allport, S. Asch, M. Jackman
• Innovations
• stereotype content theory
• prejudice can be positive
• combination of positive and negative attributes
  as powerful justification strategy (in
  paternalistic prejudice)

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Social representational approach to stereotype
content(Joffe Staerklé)

• Perceived and constructed value violation as
  source of stereotype content
• Self-control ethos(Mind, Destiny, and Body)
• Stereotypes reflect (lack of) perceived
  individualism and self-control

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The three facets of self-control and their
implications on stereotype content

• Self-control over mind
• competence and incompetence, rationality and
  irrationality
• intelligent, rational, emotional, foolish
• Self-control over destiny
• long-term autonomy, self-sustainability,
  responsibility, social usefulness
• hard-working, lazy, irresponsible, profiteer
• Self-control over body
• morality, civilisedness, order
• dirty, pervert, disorderly, animal-like,
  uncivilised

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Social representational approach to stereotype
content

• PrecursorsAllport, Rokeach, Biernat, Crandall,
  Esses
• Stereotype content does not necessarily require
  economic interdependence
• Completes the Fiske model with the body control
  dimension (? homosexuals)

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Social representational approach to stereotype
content

• Stresses the social construction and ideological
  functions of stereotype content
• Multiple forms of social exclusion (economic,
  social, cultural)
• Flexible, analytical, non-causal, functional
  model
• The three dimensions of common reference
  knowledge (organising principles)
• Commonality and individual positioning
• Stresses emotional, affective sources of
  stereotype content (e.g., disgust)

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Dual process model of prejudice(John Duckitt)

• Predicted causal sequence
• Socialisation? Personality? Social
  worldview? Ideological attitudes? Intergroup
  attitudes
• Two paths leading to prejudice, by way of
  opposing motivational goal schemasconformity
  vs. dominance

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Dual process model of prejudice
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Some conclusions

• Multiple forms of prejudice and exclusion,
  pluralist prejudice
• Multiple forms of justification of prejudice
• Lay reasoning underlying prejudice
• Functional, regulatory approach (prejudice is
  socially useful, fulfils functions, regulates
  group life)

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Some conclusions group life

• Explanations of prejudice at the group-level,
  both within and between groups
• Within groupsindividual deviance, based on
  ingroup values
• Between groupscategorical difference, based on
  shared attributes

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Some conclusions content

• Prejudice and stereotype content seems to be
  organised around two general content dimensions
• Economic interdependence and exchange,
  instrumental attributes
• Group belongingness, ingroup values, morality,
  culture