Week 4 Lecture 1

1
Week 4 Lecture 1

• Multi-disciplinarity and Kinesiology, Humanistic
  and Expressive Knowledge

2
Weekly Objectives

• Summarize Lab Experience 3
• Oval Observations
• Critical Thinking Concepts
• Theory and Analysis
• Errors of Perception
• Gathering Data/Evidence
• Kinesiology Concepts
• Humanistic Knowledge
• Expressive Knowledge
• Communication Skills

3
Recap Gathering Information Theory

• Personal Experience
• Example?
• Interviews/ Surveys/ Observations
• Examples?
• Printed/Published/preserved Materials
• Examples?

4
Lab3 Social and Cultural Knowledge

• Data/ Evidence Collection Through Observation
• Basis of Observation
• Experimental or Descriptive (naturally occurring)
• Qualitative and Quantitative
• Socio-cultural Variables of Reality
• Differentiation Variables
• Institutional Variables
• Behavioural Variables
• Human Variables
• Delimitation of Data/Evidence Collection
• Paradigmatic delimitations (Western Academic)
• Disciplinary delimitations (Sociological and
  Anthropological)
• Research Question delimitations (??????)

5
Rules for Effective Observation

• Define behaviours to be observed
• Define people to be observed
• Define the setting of the observations
• Defined the frequency and duration of
  observations
• Defined and identify the observer
• Define method of recording observations (next
  slide)

6
Methods of Recording Observations

• Narrative Method
• Tallying or Frequency Counting
• Interval Method
• Duration Method

7
Theory of Questioning

• 4 levels of questioning
• Summary and Definition Questions
• Seeks descriptions of reality
• Analysis Questions
• Seeks comparison between theory and reality
• Hypothesis Questions
• Based on a test where reality is believed to
  extend from a theory
• Evaluation Questions
• Seeks a judgment based on a desired outcome

8
Research Questions

• Knowing when and how to ask a good research
  question is the mark of distinction of a Critical
  Thinker
• Good Research Questions are questions that can be
  answered.
• Good Research Questions build on existing
  knowledge or theory.
• Good Research Questions predict the most
  appropriate form of analysis.

9
Formulation a Research Question related to the
Oval Observations

• Based in knowledge or theory
• Cultural Space Theory
• Predicts an appropriate method of analysis
• Inductive Reasoning
• Deductive Reasoning
• Descriptive Reasoning
• Speculative Reasoning
• Poetic or Critical Reasoning

10
Role of Theory
Observations of a Phenomenon based on
Scientific Method
Formulation of a Theory
Suggests theory is useful
Test of Prediction with Scientific Method
Indicates theoryis not useful
Prediction Refuted
Prediction Confirmed
11
Construct a Research Question based on
preliminary Oval Observations

• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  ______________________________________

12
Methods of Analysis

• Inductive Reasoning
• Deductive Reasoning
• Descriptive Reasoning
• Speculative Reasoning
• Poetic or Critical Reasoning

13
Inductive Reasoning

• What A logical process that draws on multiple
  experiences or phenomena for the purpose of
  arriving at a generalization or theory it begins
  with the intellectual consideration of many small
  and specific concepts and ends with a statement
  of a larger and more encompassing concepts.
• When Metaphysical Problems determines what
  characteristics are necessary and sufficient
• Limitations
• Selecting exemplars
• Recognizing the abstractions

14
Inductive Analysis

• Based on the exemplars (sporting spaces,
  non-sporting spaces, physical barriers, sporting
  behaviours and communication behaviours, it is
  logical to induce the generalization that the
  Olympic Oval is a facilities
• where people do many different types of
  physical activity
• where the space people in habit contributes to
  the sporting identities that they develop for
  themselves and others
• where social identity is secondary to sporting
  identity.

15
Deductive Reasoning

• What
• A Logical process that begins with general claims
  or premises and results with a hypothesis about
  specific experiences or phenomenon
• it moves from an abstraction to the real
• Because such and such is true, then it follows
  
• When After gathering exemplars for an inductive
  project.
• Limitations
• Finding uncontested premises
• Ensuring faultless deductive reasoning

16
Deductive Analysis

• Given the theory of liminal space and evidence
  that the Oval is multi-sport facility with
  relatively few physical barriers that separate
  one group of athletes from another, it follows
  that speed skaters and runners experience equal
  opportunities to self-identify as primary
  citizens of this particular sporting community.

17
Descriptive Reasoning

• What
• A systematic process of observing and describing
  the full content and human context of an
  experience, concept or phenomenon, principle
• Theory often drives descriptive reasoning
• When
• a real lived experience lacks a sound
  definition
• a principle lacks a sound definition.
• Limitations
• Blinding biases
• Framing an observation

18
Descriptive Analysis

• The Olympic Oval is an extremely large
  interior space where athletes from extremely
  different sports train in close quarters and move
  fluidly among one another. Physical barriers
  that serve safety functions primarily are not
  necessarily barriers to human communication.
  These barriers do not eliminate the sense of
  shared space. In spite of the fluid movement
  among athletes, strong self-identities developed
  through specific sports, levels of training,
  competition success and age prohibit the
  development of a cohesive sense of community
  identity at the Oval.

19
Speculative Reasoning

• What
• A logical extension of Descriptive Reasoning.
• Leads to an analysis of causation or explanation
• When Problems related to human values
  (axiological problems)
• Limitations
• Speculations can never be fully proved
• Speculations can be manipulated for political,
  selfish or evil ends (Hitlers Mein Kampf)

20
Speculative Analysis

• In spite of the fluid movement among athletes,
  strong self-identities developed through specific
  sports, levels of training, competition success
  and age prohibit the development of a cohesive
  sense of community identity at the Oval. We can
  speculate that this lack of community identity
  leads to human experiences at the Oval that range
  from a sense of entitlement and power to a sense
  of estrangement and otherness.

21
Poetic or Critical Reasoning

• What
• A logical deconstruction of concepts, experiences
  or phenomena discourse analysis that assumes
  that all knowledge is impacted by a variety of
  relationships political, ethnic, gender,
  historical, economic. Knowledge is directly
  related to power.
• When attributing universal explanations for
  human phenomena is suspect
• Limitations
• Finite conclusions are impossible
• Tendency to become politically motivated