Motivating People at Work

1
Motivating People at Work
3.1
2
Content theories vs Process theories
3.2

• Content theories are concerned with
• what motivates people
• Often differentiate between intrinsic
• motivators (e.g. desire for meaningful work)
• and extrinsic motivators (e.g. pay)

3
Process theories
3.3

• Process theories are concerned with
• understanding how various factors (both
• psychological (e.g needs), and material
• (e.g. allocation of rewards)) operate to
• produce motivated behaviour

4
Motivation theories
3.4

• Content theories
• Maslows hierarchy of needs
• Alderfers ERG theory
• Herzbergs two-factor theory
• Process theories
• Vrooms expectancy theory
• Adams equity theory

5
3.5
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Each level must be achieved before the
individual can progress up
Needs thin-out as the apex of the hierarchy is
achieved
Needs for self-actualisation
Esteem Needs
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
6
Alderfers ERG theory
3.6

• Existence needs (Maslows physiological and
  safety needs)
• Relatedness needs (Maslows social and esteem
  needs)
• Growth needs (Maslows self-actualisation needs)

7
Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory
3.7

• Hygiene Factors
• Pay
• Working conditions

Absent
Dissatisfaction

• Motivators
• Recognition
• The nature of the task

Present
Absent
No dissatisfaction
Present
Reduced motivation
Motivation
8
Vrooms Expectancy Theory
3.8
E The extent to which the individual believes
that increased effort will lead to improvements
in performance I The extent to which the
individual believes that performance is related
to rewards V The extent to which the individual
values the rewards obtainable.
? EIV Motivation
9
Adams Equity Theory
3.9
Individuals engage in social comparison with
other similar people (reference group)
Do my inputs compare with those of my reference
group?
Yes
No
Do my outputs (rewards)compare with those of my
reference group?
Yes
No

• Experience of inequity
• Change of input, output
• or reference group

Experience of Equity
10
Hackman and Oldhams Job Characteristics Model
3.10
Core Job Characteristics
Critical Psychological States
Outcomes
Experienced meaningfulness of work Experienced
responsibility for work outcomes Knowledge of
results of work
High Levels of motivation satisfaction productivi
ty Low levels of absenteeism
Skill Variety Task Identity Task
Significance Autonomy Feedback