Soil

1
Foraging Ecosystem
Sun
Humans
Nutrients Fibers Drugs Decorations Etc.
Energy
Labor Collecting Processing
Air
Carbon, Oxygen
Nutrients Water
Useful plant
Useless plant
Soil
2
Shifting Agricultural Ecosystem
Sun
Humans
Nutrients Fibers Drugs Decorations Etc.
Energy
Labor Clearing Burning Planting Fencing Weeding H
arvesting Pest Control Storage Etc.
Air
Carbon, Oxygen
Nutrients Water
Useful plant
Useless plant
Soil
3
Shifting Agricultural Ecosystem
Sun
Humans
Nutrients Fibers Drugs Decorations Etc.
Energy
Labor Clearing Burning Planting Fencing Weeding H
arvesting Pest Control Storage Etc.
Useful plants
Air
Carbon, Oxygen
Decomposition
Nutrients Water
Useless plant
Ashes
Less recently farmed
More recently farmed
Fallow area
Farmed area
4
Intensive Agricultural Ecosystem
Sun
Labor energy
Water source
Energy
Humans
Nutrients Fibers Drugs Decorations Etc.
Animals
Manure (nutrients)
Labor energy Plowing Harrowing Planting Fencing W
eeding Harvesting Pest Control Storage Etc.
Irrigation
Traction energy
Air
Useful plants (crops)
Carbon, Oxygen
Nutrients Water
FARMLAND
5
Industrial Monocrop Agricultural Ecosystem
Sun
Consumer goods

Humans
Energy
Exchange Value
Air
-cides
Carbon, Oxygen
Fertilizer
Single crops
Nutrients
Water source
Irrigation
Nutrients Water
Machinery
energy Plowing Harrowing, Planting Fencing,
Weeding Harvesting, Pest Control, Storage, etc.
Fossil Fuel
FARMLAND
6
Agricultural Intensification
Poplation density
Surplus
Net energy/ land
Output/input ratio
Energy output per unit of land
Energy Input per unit of land
Foraging
Shifting Agriculture
Intensive Agriculture
7
Agricultural Intensification