Vitamins

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Vitamins
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Dietary Supplement Use (USA)

• 4,300,000,000 for vit/min in 1995
• 1,400,000,000 for herbs
• 31,000,000,000 total for dietary supplements
  and functional foods in 1999 (GAO, 2000)
• 42 adults regular users (27 1989)
• females males
• 66 multi-vit/min
• 37 vitamin C
• 19 vitamin E
• 23 herbal supplements (13 1995)

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Dietary Supplement Use Pros

• Supplements prevents dietary deficiencies
• calcium
• folic acid
• Amounts used in some studies not attainable with
  dietary sources
• antioxidants
• Relatively low cost

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Dietary Supplement Use Cons

• False sense of security
• folic acid and pregnancy
• Does not contain all potentially useful chemicals
  in foods
• plant phytochemicals
• Toxicity almost only due to supplement use
• Costs significant to low income

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Vitamin/Mineral Deficiency Worldwide

• 1 in 5 adults malnourished
• 1 in 4 children malnourished
• 3 million children severe vitamin A deficiency
• blindness
• stunted growth
• 275 million with mild deficiency

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Vitamins Definition

• Organic compound found in foods
• Required in small amounts
• Required in the diet (essential)
• Proven to be required for health, growth, and
  reproduction
• deficiency syndrome identified

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Water Soluble Vs. Fat Soluble

• Water Soluble
• Vitamin C, and the B vitamins
• Fat Soluble
• Vitamins A,D,E,K

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Vitamins Support Staff

• What cant they do?
• They cant be used as an energy source.
• What can they do?
• They are usually in supporting roles in the body.
• e.g. many of the B vitamins are co-enzymes that
  help breakdown glucose for energy

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The differences between water and fat soluble
vitamins

• Absorption from digestive system
• fat soluble into the lymph with chylomicrons
• H20 soluble into blood
• Transport
• fat sol carried by lipoproteins
• water sol free in blood

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Water Vs Fat Soluble

• Storage and Excretion
• Fat Sol stored with fat in cells and adipose
  tissue, excesses stored
• Water sol not held firmly by cells, excesses
  excreted
• Potential for Fat soluble to build up and perhaps
  reach toxic levels
• Potential for water soluble to excrete extra
  amounts, not as prone to toxicity

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Fat soluble Toxicity

• Fat soluble vitamins may be toxic with too high
  of an intake
• Water soluble vitamins are less likely to be
  toxic with high intake

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B Vitamins

• Correct names and common names
• Thiamin B1
• Riboflavin B2
• Niacin nicotinic acid
• B6 pyridoxine
• folacin folate, folic acid
• B12 cobalamin

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B vitamins Correct names

• pantothenic acid no other
• biotin no other
• B vitamins act as coenzymes
• Help to complete the correct shape of the
  molecule
• Many help to metabolize glucose to release energy

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B Vitamins

• Coenzyme function
• Prosthetic Group physically become part of an
  enzyme complex
• Others are more loosely attached
• May be part of the active site in the enzyme.

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Vitamins and Metabolism
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B Vitamins

• Thiamin
• Riboflavin
• Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine)
• Folate

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B vitamin deficiencies

• Thiamin beriberi
• symptoms mental confusion, muscle weakness and
  wasting, edema, enlarged heart

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• Riboflavin
• symptoms personality changes, cracks at the
  corners of your mouth(cheilosis), tender
  tongue(glossitis)

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• Folacin
• Symptoms megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia,

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Niacin

• Part of NAD
• helps metabolize glucose
• without Niacin, this breakdown of glucose stops
• Slows energy release 4 Ds of Niacin deficiency
  (called pellagra
• Dermatitis skin inflammation
• Diarrhea poor absorption
• Dementia no energy to think
• Death if untreated

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Pellagra
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Vitamin B 12

• Blood formation
• Homocysteine
• Nerve damage
• Deficiency
• Atrophic gastritis
• Pernicious anemia

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Megaloblastic anemia
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Vascular Disease

• Folate and vitamin B12 are required for the
  breakdown of the amino acid homocysteine.
• Low folate and vitamin B12 intake may cause an
  increased level of homocysteine.
• High homocysteine levels are associated with
  greater risk of cardivascular and cerebrovascular
  disease.

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B vitamin Toxicities Rare

• B6
• Symptoms with very high doses sensory nerve
  disorders may interfere with nerve impulses and
  heart beat
• Niacin
• Symptoms skin flushing, nausea, jaundice, liver
  dysfunction
• Some individuals with high serum cholesterol are
  treated with pharmacological doses of niacin

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Oxidation

• Oxidation the loss of electrons from a molecule.
• Reduction the gain of electrons by a molecule.
• Oxidation and reduction usually occur together as
  an exchange reaction.

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Oxidation

• Stable atoms contain an even number of paired
  electrons.
• Free radical an atom that has lost an electron
  and is left with an unpaired electron.
• Free radicals are highly reactive and can cause
  damage to molecules in the cell.

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Free Radicals and Diseases
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Antioxidants

• Substances that are able to neutralize reactive
  molecules and reduce oxidative damage
• Result of metabolic processes and environmental
  sources
• Vitamin C, Vitamin E, beta-carotene, Vitamin A,
  selenium, iron, zinc, copper and manganese

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Vitamin C Functions

• Collagen Formation
• antioxidant
• reduce cancer risk
• helps absorb iron from food
• Reduces risk of colds?????
• probably not
• Linus Paulings study
• NutraIngredients

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Vitamin C

• Deficiency called scurvy
• poor formation of collagen in blood vessels
• weak vessels result in hemorrhages
• can be severe and result in lots of blood loss
  and death
• Toxicity may result in
• kidney stones
• rebound scurvy
• Destruction of B12
• Problems with acid/base balance

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Vitamin C RDA 90/75 mg/day

• Foods rich in vitamin C
• 1 cup fresh squeezed orange juice 124 mg
• 1 cup canned o.j. 84 mg
• Smokers RDA 35 mg/day
• Some of vitamin C is sacrificed in reducing the
  oxidants of cigarette smoke
• Vitamin C intake offers protection against
  stomach cancer

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Vitamin C

• Deficiency called scurvy
• poor formation of collagen in blood vessels
• weak vessels result in hemorrhages
• can be severe and result in lots of blood loss
  and death
• Toxicity may result in
• kidney stones
• rebound scurvy
• Destruction of B12
• Problems with acid/base balance

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Vitamin C RDA 60 mg/day

• Foods rich in vitamin C
• 1 cup fresh squeezed orange juice 124 mg
• 1 cup canned o.j. 84 mg
• Smokers RDA 100 mg/day
• Some of vitamin C is sacrificed in reducing the
  oxidants of cigarette smoke

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Vitamin A Functions

• Vision helps with conversion of light energy to
  electrical energy in eye
• Cell differentiation-maintenance of linings
• helps produce the CHO normally found in mucous
• Bone growth
• helps with remodeling growing bones

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Vitamin A Deficiency

• One year supply in fat and liver of most people
  So deficiencies are rare
• Bone growth and remodeling problems
• shape changes
• Linings deteriorate
• GI tract diarrhea
• Respiratory tract infections
• urogenital tract infections, kidney stones
• Impaired night vision and day vision

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Vitamin A Toxicities

• Bones
• decalcification, joint pain
• Nervous system
• loss of appetite, irritability, muscle weakness
• Liver enlargement
• jaundice
• Blood RBCs loose hemoglobin
• Bleeding induced easily

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Beta-Carotene-provitamin

• Functions
• Weak antioxidant
• Enhance immune system
• Protect skin and eyes
• Deficiency/toxicity

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Beta-Carotene-provitamin

• No RDA
• Sources

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Beta carotene and Vitamin A
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Vitamin A RDA 700 RE for females 900 RE for
males.

• RE Retinol Equivalent
• Retinol is the active form of vitamin A
• Other molecules can be metabolized to make
  Retinol, thus retinol equivalents
• e.g. beta carotene can be modified to make
  retinol
• beta carotene is found in carrots and other deep
  orange and green vegetables
• 1 RE 1 microgram of retinol
• 1 RE 3.3 IU retinol
• 1 RE 12 micrograms of beta carotene

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Vitamin A and Beta Carotene Rich Foods

• 1 medium carrot 2025 REs about 2.5 times the
  RDA
• 1 cup butternut squash 1400 REs
• 1 sweet potato 2000 REs
• 1/2 cup cooked spinach 700 REs
• 1 cup cooked broccoli 250 REs
• 1 cup milk 140 REs

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Vitamin D Functions Helps bone grow

• Works in three ways
• 1. Increases Calcium Absorption from the G.I.
  tract
• 2. Helps to withdraw calcium from bone
• 3. Increases calcium retention in the kidney.

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Sources of Vitamin D

• Body makes it own
• Dehydrocholesterol in the skin exposed to
  sunlight
• Energy transforms it into a pre-vitamin D
  molecule
• Body heat provides energy to change pre-vitamin D
  into inactive Vitamin D
• Inactive Vitamin D activated in two steps
• First, in the Liver
• Second in the Kidney

Netrition Home Page
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Vitamin D
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Sources of Vitamin D RDA 5 ug-15 ug

• In foods
• Fortified milk 2.5 mcg/cup
• 1 egg 0.7 mcg
• 3 oz shrimp 3 mcg
• 1 tsp margarine 0.5 mcg
• USATODAY.com - How to get vitamin D?

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Vitamin D Deficiencies

• In children Rickets
• malformed bones, bow legs
• In adults osteomalaciaVitamin D improves
  symptoms of knee osteoarthritis
• most often occurs in women with low Ca intake,
  repeated pregnancies, low sun-exposure, and long
  breastfeeding with infants
• loss of Calcium from bone and change of shape
• USATODAY.com - Vitamin D reserach may have
  doctors prescribing sunshine

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Vitamin D Toxicity

• Most potentially toxic of all vitamins!!!!
• As little as 4 to 5 X RDA can be associated with
  toxic symptoms
• minor diarrhea, headache, nausea
• major calcium deposits in soft tissues of heart,
  kidney, arteries
• Major concern those who take Vitamin D
  supplements
• If some is good, more is NOT better!!!!!

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Sources of Vitamin D RDA 5 - 10 micrograms in
adults

• In foods
• Fortified milk 2.5 mcg/cup
• 1 egg 0.7 mcg
• 3 oz shrimp 3 mcg
• 1 tsp margarine 0.5 mcg

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Vitamin K

• Blood coagulation
• coenzyme
• Deficiency
• Toxicity

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Vitamin E

• Functions Anti-oxidant
• Guards against damage to membranes from oxidizing
  compounds
• Deficiency Rare (premature infants under 3.5
  pounds, people unable to absorb fat or metabolize
  fat properly
• Suppresses the immune system because vitamin E
  protects White Blood Cells

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Vitamin E

• Toxicity Rare
• Sources Vegetable oils, nuts and green leafy
  vegetables, fortified cereals