designing easily learnable eyesfree interaction

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Tapping and Rubbing Exploring New Dimensions of
Tactile Feedback with Voice Coil Motors
Kevin A. Li, Patrick Baudisch, William G.
Griswold, James D. Hollan University of
California, San Diego Microsoft Research
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tapping
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rubbing
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contributions

• two new types of tactile feedback based on
  human-human communication tapping and rubbing
• perceived as tapping and rubbing
• people can distinguish a wide range of tapping
  and rubbing frequencies and amplitudes

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human-to-human interaction
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people dont vibrate each other
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related work
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multidimensional tactons
Brown et al. MobileHCI06
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haptic pen
Lee et al. UIST04
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tactile handheld miniature bimodal
Luk et al. CHI06
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phantom
Massie and Salisbury 94
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applications
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eyes-free messaging
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in-car navigation
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gaming
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prototypes
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voice coil motor
arm
head
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soundTouch
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hard disk voice coil motors
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what feels like a finger?
plastic shell
teflon tape
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user studies
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tapping user study
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hypotheses

• users will report the device feels like tapping
  and has human qualities to it
• users can distinguish and identify a range of
  taps

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study setup

• 16 participants
• tap generated with 250ms square wave
• exposed users to taps of different strength and
  speed

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questionnaire
how would you describe the tactile sensations
you just experienced to someone who has not
experienced them? which aspects of the
experience felt natural and which aspects did
not? if your phone could generate these types
of sensations, what would you like to use them
for?
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tapping mimics the real thing

• tapping has a human quality
• 13 of 16 participants used the word tap
• drumming fingers, tickling
• fast and slow are perceptually different
• ? slow feel more human, fast feel like
  vibrations

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task distinguish taps (strength)

• given two taps of different strength, which one
  feels stronger?
• 7 different amplitudes, evenly spaced from 0 to
  1.0N

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stimulus pairs
tap of level 2, pause, then a tap of level 4
pairs differed by 1 or 2 levels
Level of 2nd Tap
Level of 1st Tap
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error rates () for amplitude
Strength of 2nd Tap
Strength of 1st Tap
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task distinguish taps (speed)

• given two taps of different speed, which one
  feels faster?
• 7 different speeds, evenly spaced from 5Hz to
  29Hz
• 2 conditions ConstantDuration and ConstantNumber

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stimulus pairs
tap of speed 4, pause, then a tap of speed 2
pairs differed by 1 or 2 levels
Speed of 2nd Tap
Speed of 1st Tap
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error rates() for speed
ConstantDuration
Speed of 2nd Tap
Speed of 1st Tap
ConstantNumber
Speed of 2nd Tap
Speed of 1st Tap
ConstantDuration ? all sequences have the same
duration ConstantNumber ? all sequences have the
same number of taps
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task identify taps

• Given a tap, rate its strength on a scale of
  1-7.

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• Given a tap sequence, rate its speed on a scale
  of 1-7.

User Reported Level
Stimulus Level
User Reported Level
ConstantDuration ? all sequences have the same
duration ConstantNumber ? all sequences have the
same number of taps
Stimulus Level
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rubbing user study
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study setup

• 8 participants, within-subjects
• no amplitude condition
• ConstantNumber used 2 rubs instead of 3 taps

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rubbing feels like

• half of the participants thought it felt like
  rubbing
• others said it felt like grazing, light
  sweeping
• rubbing your hands together
• It felt strangely comfortable, almost like the
  touch of someone else. It was more like a finger
  touching my skin than an object.

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number of rubs

• number of rubs can cause perceptual differences
• ConstantNumber feels like rubbing an object
• ConstantDuration feels like touching a moving
  object
• ConstantNumber felt more like Im shaking,
  whereas ConstantDuration seemed more like Im
  holding onto something thats shaking.

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task distinguish rubs(speed)

• given two rubs of different speed, which one
  feels faster?
• 7 different speeds, evenly spaced from 5Hz to
  29Hz
• 2 conditions ConstantDuration and ConstantNumber

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error rates() for speed
ConstantDuration
Speed of 2nd Rub
Speed of 1st Rub
ConstantNumber
Speed of 2nd Rub
Speed of 1st Rub
ConstantDuration ? all sequences have the same
duration ConstantNumber ? all sequences have the
same number of taps
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task identify rubs

• Given a rub, rate its speed on a scale of 1-7

ConstantDuration ? all sequences have the same
duration ConstantNumber ? all sequences have the
same number of taps
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final lessons

• we can re-create tapping and rubbing with human
  qualities
• as our users pointed out, rubbing and tapping
  can feel like other things, depending on
  materials used, speed, amplitude, etc

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tapping and rubbing are just two examples from
a larger design space of pre-learned tactile
interaction that draws from human-human
interaction and experiences
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Tapping and Rubbing Exploring New Dimensions of
Tactile Feedback with Voice Coil Motors
Kevin A. Li, Patrick Baudisch, William G.
Griswold, James D. Hollan University of
California, San Diego Microsoft Research
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EXTRA SLIDES
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tapping/rubbing input
Olwal et al. CHI08
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loud environments
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walking around
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in a meeting
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environment
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body locations
shoulder
hand
wrist
pocket
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stimulus levels

• 7 different amplitudes, evenly spaced from 0 to
  1.0N
• 7 different speeds, evenly spaced from 5Hz to
  29Hz