Geologic Time Scale

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GeologicTimeScale
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Scientific Method

• Raise question
• Gather data

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Scientific Method

• Raise question
• Gather data
• Form hypothesis
• Test and modify hypothesis

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Peer-Reviewed Journals
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Science Magazines
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Scientific Method

• Scientific Theory
• Scientific Law

Le château des Pyrénées (Castle in the
Pyrenees) (1961)
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(No Transcript)
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Stuff of the Universe

• The Raw Materials for Planets, Rocks and Life

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Matter Energy
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Phases of Matter
Determined by temperature and pressure
Gas
Solid
Liquid
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(No Transcript)
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Rock
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Atomic Particles
Atoms (Elements)
Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds)
Rocks
Living Things
Earth
Biosphere
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Atomic StructureWhat are atoms made of?
Particle Charge Weight (amu)
Proton (p) 1
Electron (e) - 0
Neutron (n) 0 1
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Atomic Structure
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Atomic NumberNumber of Protons
Importance of Protons
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Elements
Carbon
Iron
Gold
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Periodic Table of the Elements
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The most abundant element in the universe
Hydrogen
Large Magellanic Cloud
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Abundance of the Elements (wt. )Solid Earth

• Crust Whole Earth
• Oxygen(O) 46.3 29.5
• Silicon (Si) 28.2 15.2
• Aluminum (Al) 8.2 1.1
• Iron (Fe) 5.6 34.6
• Calcium (Ca) 4.1 1.1
• Sodium (Na) 2.4 0.6
• Potassium (K) 2.1 0.1
• Magnesium (Mg) 2.3 12.7
• All others 0.5 5.1

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Abundance of the Elements (wt.)Living Things

• Human Alfalfa Bacteria
• Oxygen(O) 62.8 77.9 73.7
• Carbon (C) 19.4 11.3 12.1
• Hydrogen (H) 9.3 8.7 9.9
• Nitrogen (N) 5.1 0.8 3.0
• Phosphorous (P) 0.6 0.7 0.6
• Sulfur (S) 0.6 0.1 0.3

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AtomicWeight number of protons neutrons
Importance of Neutrons
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Quiz - Lithium
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Atomic Number Atomic Weight
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Isotopes
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Atoms vs. Ions
Importance of Electrons
(atomic weight 23)
X
Charge 0
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Positive Ions
Importance of Electrons
10e
Sodium Ion
(atomic weight 23)
Charge 1
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Ions
Importance of Electrons
9e
Chlorine
(atomic number 9)
(atomic weight 18)
9p 9n
Charge 0
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Negative Ions
Importance of Electrons
10e
Chlorine Ion
(atomic number 9)
(atomic weight 18)
9p 9n
Charge -1
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Atomic Particles
Atoms (Elements)
Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds)
Rocks
Living Things
Earth
Biosphere
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Determine how atoms bond to formCompounds
Importance of Electrons
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Organic Compounds
Carbon is found in all organic compounds
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Minerals - Inorganic Compounds
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Minerals andCrystalline Structure
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Graphite
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Atomic Particles
Atoms (Elements)
Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds)
Rocks
Living Things
Earth
Biosphere
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Energy

• Types
• Kinetic
• Mechanical
• Electromagnetic
• Electricity
• Heat
• Potential
• Chemical

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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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EnergyQuality
Low Quality High Quality (disorganized
concentrated)
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Rules of the Universe

• Conservation of Matter
• 1st Law of Thermodynamics(Conservation of
  Energy)
• 2nd Law of Thermodynamics(Degradation of Energy)

• You cant thrown anything away
• You cant get something for nothing
• In fact, you cant even break even

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Earth Open or Closed System?
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EarthMatter does not come and go
So matter is constantly recycled on Earth
Earth is a Closed System to Matter
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Biogeochemical CyclesReservoirs Pathways
Atmosphere
Biosphere
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
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Some Major Cycles of Matter

• Water Cycle
• Rock Cycle
• Chemical Cycles
• Carbon
• Nitrogen
• Phosphorous
• Sulfur

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Carbon Cycle
Atmosphere
Biosphere
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
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Carbon Cycle Reservoirs
Atmosphere
1x ( 7.3x1017 grams carbon)
Biosphere
3x
55x
35,000x
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
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Carbon Cycle
Atmosphere
Biosphere
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
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Carbon TransferBiosphere Atmosphere
Photosynthesis (Atmosphere to Biosphere)
Carbon Dioxide Water Sunlight --gt Sugar
Oxygen
Respiration (Biosphere to Atmosphere)
Sugar Oxygen --gt Carbon Dioxide Water Energy
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Carbon Cycle
Atmosphere
Biosphere
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
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Carbon Cycle
Human Impacts
Atmosphere
Biosphere
Net Effect Increase in Carbon in Atmosphere
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
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Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
northern winter
northern summer
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Impact
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EarthEarth constantly gains loses energy
Heat
Earth is a Open System to Energy
Sunlight
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Earth Open or Closed System?
Mostly Open to Energy
Mostly Closed to Matter