Unit 3: Geology

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Unit 3 Geology
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Unit 3 Geology

• Mapping the World
• Geologic Time
• Composition of the Earth
• Plate Tectonics
• Volcanoes
• Earthquakes

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C. Composition of the Earth

• Matter and Atomic Structure
• Minerals
• Igneous Rocks
• Sedimentary Rocks
• Metamorphic Rocks
• Anatomy of Earth

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1. Matter and Atomic Structure
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What are elements?

• All matter is made of elements
• Element a substance that cannot be broken down
  into simpler substances by physical or chemical
  means.

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What are elements?

• Elements can be found in the Periodic Table
• The periodic table was invented by Russian
  scientist Dimitri Mendeleev in 1865

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Dimitri Mendeleev
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What are elements?

• Anything and everything on planet Earth can be
  found in the periodic table of elements!

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What are elements?

• Hydrogen is the first element in the periodic
  table
• Hydrogen is an ATOM

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What are elements?
Atomic number
Name
Symbol
Atomic mass
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What are the most abundant elements?

• On Earth
• Oxygen (47)
• Silicon (28)
• Aluminum (8)
• Iron (5)
• Calcium (4)

• In the universe
• Hydrogen (94)
• Helium (5)
• 8 others (1)

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What are atoms?

• Elements are made of atoms
• Atom the smallest particle of an element
• Atoms can be broken down into smaller particles!

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Parts of an Atom
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Parts of an Atom

• Atomic Number
• The of protons in the nucleus of an atom
• The of electrons in the nucleus also
• Atomic Mass
• The number of protons neutrons

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So what does an atom look like?
Nucleus (p and n0)
Electrons
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Homework assignment

• Pick any 3 elements from the periodic table of
  elements found on page 36-37 in your text.
• For each element, provide the following
• Draw the element box (name and symbol)
• Atomic mass
• Atomic number
• of electrons
• of protons
• of neutrons
• Draw a picture of the element (any format)

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Mr. Ss element
Sulfur
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Element Card

• Pick an element
• Draw the following
• Element name
• Element symbol
• Atomic
• Atomic mass

• Log on
• www.chemicalelements.com
• Include the following in your card
• Date of discovery and person who discovered it.
• 8 characteristics about the element.
• Is it a solid, liquid, or gas?

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Atomic Structure
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The Molecular Theory

• All matter is made up of molecules.
• Molecules are constantly moving.
• There is space between molecules.

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The 4 States of Matter

• All matter exists in 4 states
• Solids
• Liquids
• Gases
• Plasma

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Plasma

• When matter is heated to temperatures greater
  than 5000C, the collisions between particles are
  so violent that electrons are knocked away from
  atoms. Such extreme high temperatures exist in
  stars. These conditions are known as plasma.

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Did you know?

• Water is the only substance that exists in nature
  in all 3 states of matter!

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Solids

• Solids have definite shape
• Solids have definite volume

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Liquids

• Liquids have definite volume
• Liquids have indefinite shape

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Gases

• Gases have indefinite shapes
• Gases have indefinite volumes

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Changing Phases of Matter
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Deposition
Freezing
Condensation
LIQUID
SOLID
GAS
Melting
Evaporation
Sublimation

• Add energy
• Remove energy

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2. Minerals
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What is a mineral?

• A mineral is
• A naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a
  specific chemical composition and a definite
  crystalline structure.

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Facts about minerals

• Earth is composed of about 3000 minerals.
• Calcite is the mineral that forms the 2 million
  limestone blocks in the Great Pyramid of Egypt.

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Elements in the Earths Crust
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The most abundant mineral!

• Silicates
• Oxygen is the most abundant element followed by
  Silicon
• O Si ? SiO2 (silicate)
• Silicates make up 96 of the minerals found in
  Earths crust!

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Identifying Minerals
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Identifying Minerals

• Geologists rely on several simple tests to
  identify minerals
• These tests are based upon the minerals physical
  and chemical properties.

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Identifying Minerals

• Minerals can be identified using 5
  characteristics
• Color
• Luster
• Texture
• Streak
• Hardness

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Color

• Color is caused by the presence of elements or
  compounds within a mineral.
• This is one of the least reliable clues to a
  minerals identity.

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Luster

• Luster is the way a mineral reflects light from
  its surface.

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Texture

• Texture describes how a mineral feels to the
  touch.
• Texture can be described as
• Smooth, Rough, Ragged, Greasy, Soapy, or Glassy

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Streak

• Streak is the color of a mineral when it is
  broken up and powdered.

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Hardness

• Hardness is a measure of how easily a mineral can
  be scratched.
• This is one of the most useful ways to identify
  minerals.

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Hardness

• German geologist Friedrich Mohs developed a scale
  in which an unknown minerals hardness can be
  compared to the hardness of ten known minerals.
  This scale is known as the Mohs Hardness Scale.

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Friedrich Mohs
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Mineral Uses

• Right now you are probably sitting on minerals,
  wearing minerals, and perhaps even eating
  minerals.
• Minerals are virtually everywhere!
• They are used to make computers, cars, t.v.s,
  desks, roads, buildings, jewelry, paints,
  medicines, etc.

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The Price of Diamonds(Gemstones, p.56-57 in your
text!)

• The cost of a diamond depends on four things,
  often called the 4 Cs
• Color
• Cut
• Clarity
• Carat weight

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Rock Types

• There are 3 types of rocks
• Igneous
• Sedimentary
• Metamorphic

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3. Igneous Rocks

• Igneous rocks are formed from the crystallization
  of magma.

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Igneous Rocks

• The term igneous comes from the Latin word ignis,
  which means fire.
• Because early geologists associated igneous rocks
  with fiery lava flows.

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What is Lava?
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What is Lava?

• Lava is magma that flows out onto Earths
  surface.
• Mix of molten rock, gases, and minerals.
• Made up of oxygen (O), silicon (Si), aluminum
  (Al), Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca),
  potassium (K), and sodium (Na)

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What is Lava?

• Of all the compounds found in magma, silica
  (SiO2) is the most abundant.

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Origins of Magma

• Most rocks melt between 800C and 1200C
  depending on their composition.
• In nature these temperatures are found in the
  upper mantle and lower crust.
• Factors that affect magma formation include
  temperature and pressure.

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4. Sedimentary Rocks

• When sediments on the surface of the earth get
  really compacted, sedimentary rocks form.

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Sedimentary Rocks

• What are sediments?
• Pieces of solid material that have been deposited
  on Earths surface by
• Wind
• Water
• Ice
• Gravity
• Chemical precipitation

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Sedimentary Rocks

• When sediments get cemented together, they form
  sedimentary rocks.

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Sedimentary Rocks
Sediments
Sedimentary rocks
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How do sediments turn into rock?
Sediments
Settled particles
DEPOSITION
BURIAL
Particles buried by pressure
LITHIFICATION
Sedimentary rocks
Lithos Rock (Greek)
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5. Metamorphic Rocks

• When rocks are buried at even greater
  temperatures, they undergo metamorphosis

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Metamorphic Rocks

• Pressure and temperature increase with depth on
  Earth
• Question What happens to sedimentary rocks
  when they are heated but do not quite melt?
• Answer They form metamorphic rocks

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The Rock Cycle
Sediments
Deposition
Burial
Weathering and erosion
Lithification
SEDIMENTARY
Earth Surface
IGNEOUS
Heat and Pressure
Cooling and Crystallization
METAMORPHIC
Melting
Magma
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6. Anatomy of Earth
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Anatomy of Earth
20 miles deep Rocky, brittle Ca, Na, Al, Si02 32F
2,000 miles deep Solid (plastic) Mg, Fe, Al,
SiO2 2,000F
Crust
Mantle
Core
Solid Fe 8,500F
800 miles deep Liquid Fe, S 7,000F
Inner core
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Rock Cycle Project (30 pts.)

• You must have the following
• All the steps of the rock cycle (flow chart)
• With brief description of each step
• Ex Weathering is a process in which wind,
  water, and ice cause the erosion of a rock.
• 1 sample of each rock type
• If cant find one, find a picture online
• Anything else you want to make your presentation
  colorful, and different ?