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Aerospace Dimensions Module 2 Aircraft Systems

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Sectional Charts, Legend, Features. Airport Information. Latitude & Longitude ... Tachometer (rpm) Engine Instruments. 12. Gyroscopic Instruments ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Aerospace Dimensions Module 2 Aircraft Systems


1
Aerospace Dimensions Module 2Aircraft Systems
Airports
Aerospace For Cadets
  • Airplane Systems
  • Combustion
  • Reciprocating Aircraft Engines
  • Jet (Turbine) Engines
  • Controls Instruments
  • Airports
  • Layout, Signs Makings
  • FAA
  • Flight Profile
  • Phonetic Alphabet
  • Aeronautical Charts
  • Sectional Charts, Legend, Features
  • Airport Information
  • Latitude Longitude

Rev. 0 Feb 2009 Bruce Bream, LtCol. / CAP Eagle
Composite Squadron Ohio Wing Civil Air Patrol
2
Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems
Introduction
  • Airplane Systems Learning Outcomes
  • Reciprocating Aircraft Engine Operation
  • Recognize Engine Parts
  • Jet (Turbine) Engine Operation
  • Cockpit Powerplant Controls
  • Flight Instruments

3
Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems
Combustion
  • Combustion
  • Atomize the fuel ? Add an oxygen ? Then a spark
  • Chemical process ? Mechanical energy
  • Fuel AvGas or Jet fuel carried in aircraft
    tanks
  • Oxidizer Air (21 oxygen)
  • Fuel to Air Mixture Ratio
  • Rich More fuel than air
  • Stoichiometric ratio (STO-kee-oh-met-rik)
  • Mixture Ratio that uses ALL the Fuel and Oxidizer
  • Mixture changes with altitude to get same mixture
    ratio
  • Thinner air has less oxygen content
  • Ignition
  • Spark plug run by high voltage from a magneto
  • Combustion is just one part of an engine cycle

4
Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems
Reciprocating Engines
Brought to you by INTERNAL Combustion
  • Reciprocating Engine
  • Engine parts reciprocate
  • Move back and forth
  • Combustion chamber
  • Piston stroke in the cylinder
  • 4-Stroke Operating Cycle
  • Intake, Compression, Power, Exhaust
  • Magneto Spark plugs
  • Ignite fuel and air in the cylinder
  • Air and oil cooled

rpm revolutions per minute
Lets look at some airplane engine parts
Animation Credit httpwww.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/
airplane/engopt.html
5
Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems
Reciprocating Engines
Animation Credit http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Int
ernal_combustion_engine
6
Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems
Reciprocating Engines
  • Carburetor
  • Mixes fuel and air for a reciprocating engine
  • Venturi uses the Bernoulli Principle
  • Drops pressure to mix and vaporize fuel

Usually found on the bottom of the engine
7
Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems
Reciprocating Engines
8
Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems Turbine
Engines
  • Turbine (Jet) Engine
  • Continuous Combustion Cycle
  • Everything rotates around and flows along the
    centerline shaft

9
Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems Turbine
Engines
GE-90 Turbofan - Engine Inlet inspection -
115,000 lb thrust - 451 compression - 660 psi
to combustor - Weights 18,260 lbs - 3,000
lbs/sec air flow - Fan turns at 2,500 rpm
10
Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems Turbine
Engines
11
Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems -
Instrumentation
Flight Instruments
Typical General Aviation Aircraft Instrumentation
(pre-glass panel)
Engine Instruments
Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)
Tachometer (rpm)
Manifold Pressure
12
Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems -
Instrumentation
Gyroscopic Instruments
Attitude Indicator (artificial horizon)
Spinning gyro rotor provides stable reference in
space
Heading Indicator (stabilized compass)
Turn Coordinator (rate of turn) Also Skid/Slip
Ball
13
Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems
Instrumentation
  • Pitot/Static System Instruments
  • Standard Pressure
  • 29.92 Hg (English) 1013.2 millibars (Metric)
  • Pressure drops with altitude
  • 1 inch per 1000 feet
  • Instruments use two air probes

Airspeed Indicator (pitot to static)
Altimeter (static pressure)
Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) (static rate)
14
Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems Engine
Controls
  • Throttle quadrant

Propeller RPM (Constant pitch propellers)
Throttle
Mixture Ratio
15
Aerospace Dimensions Airports Overview
  • Airports Learning Outcomes
  • Role of the FAA
  • Flight Profile
  • GA Airport Layout
  • Taxiway Runway Signs Markings
  • Phonetic Alphabet

16
Aerospace Dimensions Airports FAA
  • Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
  • Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
  • Regulate air transportation
  • Standards for Aircraft and Airports
  • Pilot certification
  • Air Traffic Control (ATC)
  • In-flight
  • Towered Airports

17
Aerospace Dimensions Airports Flight Profile
  • Cruise
  • Descent
  • Approach to landing
  • Takeoff
  • Climb
  • Landing
  • Taxi
  • Shut down
  • Preflight
  • (VFR IFR)
  • Taxi

18
Aerospace Dimensions Airports Lighting
Airport Rotating Beacons
Water Airport White / Yellow
Public Airport White / Green
Heliport White / Green / Yellow
Military Airfield White / White / Green
19
Aerospace Dimensions Airports Lighting
Approach Flight Path Guidance Lighting
20
Aerospace Dimensions Airports Signs
Location Signs
Direction Destination Signs
Mandatory Signs
Remaining runway In 1,000s of feet
6
ILS
Information Signs
UNICOM 122.9
21
Aerospace Dimensions Airports Runway Taxiway
Markings
18 L
Visual Runway
27
9
Non-Precision Approach
A
9-27
A
9-27?
B
18R-36L?
  • Runway Number
  • Magnetic Heading
  • 2 digits
  • Degrees / 10

36 R
Ramp
36L-18R
B
Precision Approach
22
Aerospace Dimensions Airports Lighting
Runway Lighting
  • Runway
  • Edge
  • Lights
  • White in
  • Red out

Taxiway Edge Lights Blue
Centerline In-Runway Lights White
  • Runway End
  • Identification Lights
  • (REIL)
  • Strobes
  • Runway Threshold Lights
  • Green facing approach
  • Red facing runway

Approach Lighting System (ALS)
23
Aerospace Dimensions Airports Phonetic
Alphabet
A Alpha (Al fah) B Bravo (Brah voh) C Charlie (Cha
r lee) D Delta (Dell tah) E Echo (Eck-oh) F Foxtro
t (Foks trot) G Golf (Golf) H Hotel (Hoh
tell) I India (In dee ah) J Juliet (Joo lee
ett) K Kilo (Kee loh) L Lima (Lee
mah) M Mike (Mike)
N November (No vem ber) O Oscar (Oss
cah) P Papa (Pah pah) Q Quebec (Keh
beck) R Romeo (Row me oh) S Sierra (See air
rah) T Tango (Tang go) U Uniform (U nee
form) V Victor (Vik tah) W Whiskey (Wiss
kee) X X-Ray (Ecks ray) Y Yankee (Yang
kee) Z Zulu (Zoo loo)
  • 1 Wun
  • 2 Too
  • 3 Tree
  • 4 Fo-wer
  • 5 Fife
  • 6 Six
  • 7 Seven
  • 8 Ate
  • Niner
  • 0 Zero

24
Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts
Introduction
  • Aeronautical Charts Learning Outcomes
  • Sectional Chart Layout
  • Chart Legend
  • Reading Latitude and Longitude
  • Identify Features
  • Read Airport Information

25
Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts Deg,
Min, Sec
N 0
  • 360 degrees in a circle
  • 60 minutes in a degree
  • 60 seconds in a minute
  • Degrees Minutes Seconds "

E 90
W 270
60 seconds
1 minute
S 180
60 minutes
1 degree
Q How many seconds in a degree?
26
Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts
Latitude Longitude
  • Parallels of Latitude
  • Measured from Equator
  • 0 to 90 degrees North and South

90 N North Pole
60 N
30 N
0 Equator
30 S
60 S
90 S South Pole
  • Meridians of Longitude
  • Measured from Prime Meridian
  • 0 to 180 degrees East and West
  • Converge at poles

N
0
Measured in Degrees, Minutes, Seconds 1 degree
60 minutes 1 minute 60 seconds
90 E
90 W
S
27
Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts Map
Coordinates
40 degrees 30 minutes North Latitude
40 degrees North Latitude
Prime Meridian is 0 Longitude
Longitude measured from Prime Meridian
85 degrees West Longitude
84 degrees 30 minutes West Longitude
Latitude measured from Equator
Equator is 0 Latitude
28
Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts
Distance Speed
1 Nautical Mile 6,076 feet
1 Nautical Mile (nm) 6076 feet 1 minute of
longitude at the equator 1 Statue Mile (sm)
5,280 feet
1 Statute Mile 5,280 feet
Conversion factor 1 nm 1.15 sm Example 25
nm 28.7 sm
Sectional chart 1500,000 inches or 1 8
nm Knot 1 nm per hour (Measures speed) 100
knots 115 mph
29
Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts
Sectionals
Sectional Aeronautical Charts
  • Sectional chart scale 1500,000 inches
  • 1 on the chart 8 nm on the ground
  • Each chart covers 8 of Longitude and 4 of
    Latitude
  • Named after a city on the chart

30
Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts Legend
Navigation Aids
Towers
Airports
Cities
Wildlife refuges
Water
ATC Airspace
Railroad
31
Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts
Airport Info
Uncontrolled Airport - MAGENTA
Control Tower Airport - BLUE
CUYAHOGA CO Airport Name (CGF) ICAO Airport
Identifier CT - 118.5 Control Tower Frequency
( means not 24hr) 879 Elevation in feet MSL L
Lighted runway ( with some limitations) 51
Length of longest runway in hundreds of
feet 122.95 Unicom for FBO
32
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