Title: Aerospace Dimensions Module 2 Aircraft Systems
1Aerospace Dimensions Module 2Aircraft Systems
Airports
Aerospace For Cadets
- Airplane Systems
- Combustion
- Reciprocating Aircraft Engines
- Jet (Turbine) Engines
- Controls Instruments
- Airports
- Layout, Signs Makings
- FAA
- Flight Profile
- Phonetic Alphabet
- Aeronautical Charts
- Sectional Charts, Legend, Features
- Airport Information
- Latitude Longitude
Rev. 0 Feb 2009 Bruce Bream, LtCol. / CAP Eagle
Composite Squadron Ohio Wing Civil Air Patrol
2Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems
Introduction
- Airplane Systems Learning Outcomes
- Reciprocating Aircraft Engine Operation
- Recognize Engine Parts
- Jet (Turbine) Engine Operation
- Cockpit Powerplant Controls
- Flight Instruments
3Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems
Combustion
- Combustion
- Atomize the fuel ? Add an oxygen ? Then a spark
- Chemical process ? Mechanical energy
- Fuel AvGas or Jet fuel carried in aircraft
tanks - Oxidizer Air (21 oxygen)
- Fuel to Air Mixture Ratio
- Rich More fuel than air
- Stoichiometric ratio (STO-kee-oh-met-rik)
- Mixture Ratio that uses ALL the Fuel and Oxidizer
- Mixture changes with altitude to get same mixture
ratio - Thinner air has less oxygen content
- Ignition
- Spark plug run by high voltage from a magneto
- Combustion is just one part of an engine cycle
4Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems
Reciprocating Engines
Brought to you by INTERNAL Combustion
- Reciprocating Engine
- Engine parts reciprocate
- Move back and forth
- Combustion chamber
- Piston stroke in the cylinder
- 4-Stroke Operating Cycle
- Intake, Compression, Power, Exhaust
- Magneto Spark plugs
- Ignite fuel and air in the cylinder
- Air and oil cooled
rpm revolutions per minute
Lets look at some airplane engine parts
Animation Credit httpwww.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/
airplane/engopt.html
5Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems
Reciprocating Engines
Animation Credit http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Int
ernal_combustion_engine
6Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems
Reciprocating Engines
- Carburetor
- Mixes fuel and air for a reciprocating engine
- Venturi uses the Bernoulli Principle
- Drops pressure to mix and vaporize fuel
Usually found on the bottom of the engine
7Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems
Reciprocating Engines
8Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems Turbine
Engines
- Turbine (Jet) Engine
- Continuous Combustion Cycle
- Everything rotates around and flows along the
centerline shaft
9Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems Turbine
Engines
GE-90 Turbofan - Engine Inlet inspection -
115,000 lb thrust - 451 compression - 660 psi
to combustor - Weights 18,260 lbs - 3,000
lbs/sec air flow - Fan turns at 2,500 rpm
10Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems Turbine
Engines
11Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems -
Instrumentation
Flight Instruments
Typical General Aviation Aircraft Instrumentation
(pre-glass panel)
Engine Instruments
Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)
Tachometer (rpm)
Manifold Pressure
12Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems -
Instrumentation
Gyroscopic Instruments
Attitude Indicator (artificial horizon)
Spinning gyro rotor provides stable reference in
space
Heading Indicator (stabilized compass)
Turn Coordinator (rate of turn) Also Skid/Slip
Ball
13Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems
Instrumentation
- Pitot/Static System Instruments
- Standard Pressure
- 29.92 Hg (English) 1013.2 millibars (Metric)
- Pressure drops with altitude
- 1 inch per 1000 feet
- Instruments use two air probes
Airspeed Indicator (pitot to static)
Altimeter (static pressure)
Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) (static rate)
14Aerospace Dimensions Airplane Systems Engine
Controls
Propeller RPM (Constant pitch propellers)
Throttle
Mixture Ratio
15Aerospace Dimensions Airports Overview
- Airports Learning Outcomes
- Role of the FAA
- Flight Profile
- GA Airport Layout
- Taxiway Runway Signs Markings
- Phonetic Alphabet
16Aerospace Dimensions Airports FAA
- Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
- Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
- Regulate air transportation
- Standards for Aircraft and Airports
- Pilot certification
- Air Traffic Control (ATC)
- In-flight
- Towered Airports
17Aerospace Dimensions Airports Flight Profile
- Descent
- Approach to landing
18Aerospace Dimensions Airports Lighting
Airport Rotating Beacons
Water Airport White / Yellow
Public Airport White / Green
Heliport White / Green / Yellow
Military Airfield White / White / Green
19Aerospace Dimensions Airports Lighting
Approach Flight Path Guidance Lighting
20Aerospace Dimensions Airports Signs
Location Signs
Direction Destination Signs
Mandatory Signs
Remaining runway In 1,000s of feet
6
ILS
Information Signs
UNICOM 122.9
21Aerospace Dimensions Airports Runway Taxiway
Markings
18 L
Visual Runway
27
9
Non-Precision Approach
A
9-27
A
9-27?
B
18R-36L?
- Runway Number
- Magnetic Heading
- 2 digits
- Degrees / 10
36 R
Ramp
36L-18R
B
Precision Approach
22Aerospace Dimensions Airports Lighting
Runway Lighting
- Runway
- Edge
- Lights
- White in
- Red out
Taxiway Edge Lights Blue
Centerline In-Runway Lights White
- Runway End
- Identification Lights
- (REIL)
- Strobes
- Runway Threshold Lights
- Green facing approach
- Red facing runway
Approach Lighting System (ALS)
23Aerospace Dimensions Airports Phonetic
Alphabet
A Alpha (Al fah) B Bravo (Brah voh) C Charlie (Cha
r lee) D Delta (Dell tah) E Echo (Eck-oh) F Foxtro
t (Foks trot) G Golf (Golf) H Hotel (Hoh
tell) I India (In dee ah) J Juliet (Joo lee
ett) K Kilo (Kee loh) L Lima (Lee
mah) M Mike (Mike)
N November (No vem ber) O Oscar (Oss
cah) P Papa (Pah pah) Q Quebec (Keh
beck) R Romeo (Row me oh) S Sierra (See air
rah) T Tango (Tang go) U Uniform (U nee
form) V Victor (Vik tah) W Whiskey (Wiss
kee) X X-Ray (Ecks ray) Y Yankee (Yang
kee) Z Zulu (Zoo loo)
- 1 Wun
- 2 Too
- 3 Tree
- 4 Fo-wer
- 5 Fife
- 6 Six
- 7 Seven
- 8 Ate
- Niner
- 0 Zero
24Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts
Introduction
- Aeronautical Charts Learning Outcomes
- Sectional Chart Layout
- Chart Legend
- Reading Latitude and Longitude
- Identify Features
- Read Airport Information
25Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts Deg,
Min, Sec
N 0
- 360 degrees in a circle
- 60 minutes in a degree
- 60 seconds in a minute
- Degrees Minutes Seconds "
E 90
W 270
60 seconds
1 minute
S 180
60 minutes
1 degree
Q How many seconds in a degree?
26Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts
Latitude Longitude
- Parallels of Latitude
- Measured from Equator
- 0 to 90 degrees North and South
90 N North Pole
60 N
30 N
0 Equator
30 S
60 S
90 S South Pole
- Meridians of Longitude
- Measured from Prime Meridian
- 0 to 180 degrees East and West
- Converge at poles
N
0
Measured in Degrees, Minutes, Seconds 1 degree
60 minutes 1 minute 60 seconds
90 E
90 W
S
27Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts Map
Coordinates
40 degrees 30 minutes North Latitude
40 degrees North Latitude
Prime Meridian is 0 Longitude
Longitude measured from Prime Meridian
85 degrees West Longitude
84 degrees 30 minutes West Longitude
Latitude measured from Equator
Equator is 0 Latitude
28Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts
Distance Speed
1 Nautical Mile 6,076 feet
1 Nautical Mile (nm) 6076 feet 1 minute of
longitude at the equator 1 Statue Mile (sm)
5,280 feet
1 Statute Mile 5,280 feet
Conversion factor 1 nm 1.15 sm Example 25
nm 28.7 sm
Sectional chart 1500,000 inches or 1 8
nm Knot 1 nm per hour (Measures speed) 100
knots 115 mph
29Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts
Sectionals
Sectional Aeronautical Charts
- Sectional chart scale 1500,000 inches
- 1 on the chart 8 nm on the ground
- Each chart covers 8 of Longitude and 4 of
Latitude - Named after a city on the chart
30Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts Legend
Navigation Aids
Towers
Airports
Cities
Wildlife refuges
Water
ATC Airspace
Railroad
31Aerospace Dimensions Aeronautical Charts
Airport Info
Uncontrolled Airport - MAGENTA
Control Tower Airport - BLUE
CUYAHOGA CO Airport Name (CGF) ICAO Airport
Identifier CT - 118.5 Control Tower Frequency
( means not 24hr) 879 Elevation in feet MSL L
Lighted runway ( with some limitations) 51
Length of longest runway in hundreds of
feet 122.95 Unicom for FBO
32Questions?