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Social Enterprise for Sustainable Tourism An
Agenda for Research Practice Professor Ken
Peattie BRASS
Research Centre, Cardiff
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Steps for me to get here
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Sustainable Tourism Now Truly
Mainstream...... but with many How?
questions still unanswered.
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Three Basic Propositions Re SD Tourism

• Enlightened self-interest

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from Stern Report
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Three Basic Propositions Re SD Tourism

• Enlightened self-interest
• Tourism as solution

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Sustainable Development
Johann Dréo
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Three Basic Propositions Re SD Tourism

• Enlightened self-interest
• Tourism as solution
• Tourism as an extractive industry

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Key Issues in Sustainable Tourism (Swarbrook)
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The Human Side of Sustainable Tourism

• Two Key Approaches beyond Eco-Tourism to the SD
  Agenda.
• 1. Social-Tourism tourism with an added moral
  value, benefiting either the host or the visitor
  in the tourism exchange (MUSE project, Altieri
  et al.) strongly concerned with democratisation
  of tourism (e.g. International Bureau of Social
  Tourism)
• 2. Community Tourism

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Pearces Three Systems of the Economy
Model From Social Enterprise in Anytown
Primarily social motives
Primarily business methods
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Key Benefits of Social Enterprise as a Mechanism
for Sustainable Community Tourism Projects

• Proven ability to generate viable businesses
  within disadvantaged communities
• Lower profit threshold than conventional
  businesses
• Strong track record in public-private
  partnership
• Tends to involve a consultative and democratic
  approach to governance
• Involves many legal forms
  based around collective
  ownership

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Key Issues in Sustainable Tourism (Swarbrook)
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Social Enterprise in Tourism
A Growing Momentum in
Practice

• In some countries such as Italy and Poland,
  recent changes to laws have encouraged the
  creation of new social enterprise ventures in
  tourism and agri-tourism in particular.
• Emergence of agri-tourism cooperatives managed by
  women in Greece.
• Major ecological tourism project to foster
  appreciation for the natural and cultural
  heritage of the Aconcagua Valley, Chile.
• Growing number of museums established and run as
  social enterprises

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Çirali Sustainable Tourism project in Turkey

• Established as an alternative to intensive hotel
  development to promote environmentally and
  socially sound development through integrated
  planning, traditional and alternative economic
  activities and biodiversity conservation.
• Awarded the 2002 UN Habitat Dubai International
  Award for Best Practices in Improving the Living
  Environment and featured in the book The New
  Social Entrepreneurship (Perrini, 2006)

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Kemer
Çirali Twenty miles apart but travelling very
different paths
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Reborn Women Group, KenyaA Micro-SE for widows
and orphans offering accommodation, generating
self-reliance and protecting cultural heritage
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Shaw Heritage Tours, Washington DC.
Partnership between Manna Development Corporation
and DC Heritage Partnership. Key aims to
combine heritage tourism with neighbourhood
economic development renewal

• Create jobs for residents
• Celebrate African-American heritage
• Attract visitors and compete with main monuments

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Social Enterprise Under-represented in Tourism
and Third Sector Scholarship and Research
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Tourism Social Enterprise A Scholarship
Challenge

• Social Enterprise scholarship
• under-developed, lacks capacity critical mass
• suffers an unholy trinity of insufficient data,
  under-developed theory, unresolved definitional
  issues
• dominated by small-scale, practice-led work
• weak links to mainstream and between nations
• US/UK/European conceptual splits are unhelpful
• lacking in knowledge transfer
• has failed to keep up with explosion of SE in
  practice (Alter, 2006), but surged in past three
  years.
• Social Enterprise Tourism scholarship hampered by
  an unhelpfully broad, inclusive and disconnected
  definition.

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Social Enterprise could help bring the Human
aspects of SD into tourism development.