TISSUES AND MEMBRANES

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CHAPTER 4

• TISSUES AND MEMBRANES

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Tissue

• A tissue is a group of cells with similar
  structure and function.
• The tissue contributes to the functioning of the
  organs in which it is found.

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Tissue

• There are 4 groups of Tissue
• 1. Epithelial
• 2. Connective
• 3. Muscle
• 4. Nerve

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Tissue

• Membranes are sheets of tissues.
• As you might expect, each type of membrane has
  its specific locations and functions.

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Epithelial Tissue

• Found on surfaces as either coverings (outer
  surfaces) or linings (inner surfaces).
• Because they have no capillaries of their own,
  epithelial tissues receive oxygen and nutrients
  from the blood supply of the connective tissue
  beneath them.

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Epithelial Tissue

• Many epithelial tissues are capable of secretion
  and may be called glandular epithelium, or more
  simply, GLANDS!

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Epithelial Tissue

• There are 3 distinctive shapes
• 1. Squamousflat
• 2. Cuboidalcube shaped
• 3. Columnartall narrow

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Epithelial Tissue

• Simpleis the term for a single layer of cells.
• Stratifiedmeans that many layers of cells are
  present

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Glands pg 73

• Cells or organs that secrete something, that is,
  they produce a substance that has a function
  either at that site or at a more distant site.
• Endocrine glands are ductless glands.
• The secretions of endocrine glands are a group of
  chemicals called HORMONES, which enter
  capillaries and are circulated throughout the body

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Hormones

• Hormones then bring about specific effects in
  their target organs.
• These effects include
• Aspects of growth, such as minerals and other
  nutrients
• Regulation of blood pressure
• Ex. Of endocrine glands are
• Thyroid gland
• Adrenal gland
• Pituitary gland

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Connective Tissue

• The types of connective tissue include
• Areolar
• Adipose
• Fibrous
• Elastic tissue as well as blood, bone and
  cartliage

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Connective Tissue

• All connective tissues have in common is the
  presence of a MATRIX in addition to other cells.
• The Matrix is a structural network or solution of
  non-living intercellular material

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Connective Tissue

• Each connective tissue has its own special kind
  of matrix.
• The matrix of blood, for example, is blood
  plasma, which is mostly water.
• The matrix of bone is made primarily of calcium
  salts, which are hard and strong.

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Blood

• Blood consists of cells and plasma
• Cells are the living portion
• The matrix of blood is plasma, which is about 52
  to 62 of the total blood volume in the body.

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Blood

• The water of plasma contains dissolved salts,
  nutrients, and waste products.
• One of the primary functions of plasma is
  transport of these materials within the body.

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Blood

• The cells of blood are
• Red blood cells (RBC)
• White blood cells (WBC)
• Plateletsfragments of cells
• See Fig. 4-4 pg. 75

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Figure 4-4
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Blood

• The blood-forming or hemopoietic tissues are
• Red bone marrow
• Lymphatic tissue (spleen lymph nodes)

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Blood

• Red bone marrow produces
• Red blood cells
• 5 types of WBCs
• Platelets
• 2 types of WBCs are also produced in lymphatic
  tissue

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Blood

• Red blood cells (RBCs) carry oxygen bonded to
  their hemoglobin
• White blood cells (WBCs) destroy pathogens and
  provide us with immunity to some diseases
• Platelets prevent blood loss the process of
  blood clotting involves platelets.

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Aerolar Connective Tissue

• The cells of areolar (or loose) connective tissue
  are called Fibroblasts, which produce protein
  fibers.
• Collagen is strong
• Elastin is elastic
• White blood cells are also present

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Aerolar Connective Tissue

• Sites below the dermis and below the epithelium
  of tracts that open to the environment (to
  destroy pathogens that enter the body via skin,
  respiratory, digestive tracts)

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Adipose

• The cells of adipose tissue are called Adipocytes
  and are specialized to store fat in microscopic
  droplets.
• Sites between the skin and muscles (to store
  energy) around the eyes and kidneys (to cushion)

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Firbrous Connective Tissue

• Strong collagen fibers
• Cells are fibroblasts
• Regular fibrous sites
• Tendons (to connect muscle to bone)
• Ligaments (to connect bone to bone)
• Irregular fibrous sites dermis of the skin and
  the fascia around muscles

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Elastic

• Elastin Fibers
• Sites
• Walls of large arteries (to maintain blood
  pressure)
• Around alveoli (to promote normal exhalation)

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Bone

• Cells are osteocytes
• Sites
• Bones of the skeleton (to support the body and
  protect internal organs from mechanical injury)

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Cartilage

• Cells are chondrocytes
• Sites
• Joint surfaces of bones (to prevent friction)
• Tip of nose and external ear (to support)
• Wall of trachea (to keep air passage open)
• Discs between vertebrae (to absorb shock)

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Muscle Tissue

• There are 3 types of muscle tissue
• 1. Skeletal
• 2. Smooth
• 3. Cardiac
• See table 4-3 pg 80

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Figure 4-6
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue

• Called striated or voluntary muscle
• Each cell has a motor nerve ending
• Nerve impulses are essential to cause contraction
• Site skeletal muscle attached to bones (to move
  the skeleton and produce heat).

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Smooth Muscle Tissue

• Also called visceral or involuntary muscle
• Contraction is not under voluntary control
• Sites
• stomach and intestines (peristalsis)
• Walls of arteries and veins ( to maintain BP)
• Iris (to constrict or dilate pupil)

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Cardiac Muscle Tissue

• Site walls of chambers of the heart (to pump
  blood nerve impulses regulate the rate of
  contraction)

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Epithelial Membranes

• ( Fig. 4-8 pg 83)
• Serous membranesin closed body cavities
• The serous fluid prevents friction between the
  two layers of the serous membranes

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Epithelial Membranes

• Thoracic Cavityparietal pleura lines chest wall
• Visceral pleura covers the lungs
• Pericardial sac- parietal pericardium lines
  fibrous pericardium
• Visceral pericardium (epicardium) covers the
  heart muscle.

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Epithelial Membranes

• Abdominal cavityperitoneum lines the abdominal
  cavity
• Mesentery covers the abdominal organs

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Epithelial Membranes

• Mucous membraneslines body tracts that open to
  the environment
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive

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Epithelial Membranes

• Mucus keeps the living epithelium wet
• Provides lubrication in the digestive tract
• Traps dust and bacteria in respiratory tract