Introduction and Tissues

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Introduction and Tissues

• Human AnatomyBIOL 1010
• Liston Campus

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What is Anatomy?

• Anatomy ( morphology) study of bodys structure
• Physiology study of bodys function
• Structure reflects Function!!!
• Branches of Anatomy
• Gross Large structures
• Surface Landmarks
• Histology Cells and Tissues
• Developmental Structures change through life
• Embryology Structures form and develop before
  birth

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Hierarchy of Structural Organization

• Each of these build upon one another to make up
  the next level
• Chemical level
• Cellular
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ system
• Organism

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Hierarchy of Structural Organization

• Chemical level
• Atoms combine to make molecules
• 4 macromolecules in the body
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

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Hierarchy of Structural Organization

• Cellular
• Made up of cells and cellular organelles
  (molecules)
• Cells can be eukaryotic or prokaryotic
• Organelles are structures within cells that
  perform dedicated functions (small organs)

http//cmweb.pvschools.net/bbecke/newell/Cells.ht
ml
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Hierarchy of Structural Organization

• Tissue
• Collection of cells that work together to perform
  a specialized function
• 4 basic types of tissue in the human body
• Epithelium
• Connective tissue
• Muscle tissue
• Nervous tissue

www.emc.maricopa.edu
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Hierarchy of Structural Organization

• Organ
• Made up of tissue
• Heart
• Brain
• Liver
• Pancreas, etc

Pg 181
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Hierarchy of Structural Organization

• Organ system (11)
• Made up of a group of related organs that work
  together
• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive

Circulatory
Pg 341
Urinary System
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Hierarchy of Structural Organization

• Organism
• An individual human, animal, plant, etc
• Made up all of the organ systems
• Work together to sustain life

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Anatomical Directions

• Anatomical position
• Regions
• Axial vs. Appendicular
• Anatomical Directions-Its all Relative!
• Anterior (ventral) vs. Posterior (dorsal)
• Medial vs. Lateral
• Superior (cranial) vs. Inferior (caudal)
• Superficial vs. Deep
• Proximal vs. Distal
• Anatomical Planes
• Frontal Coronal
• Transverse Horizontal Cross Section
• Sagittal

Pg 5
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Reference Point
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4 Types of Tissue

• Epithelium
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nervous

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Tissues groups of cells closely associated that
have a similar structure and perform a related
function

• Four types of tissue
• Epithelial covering/lining
• Connective support
• Muscle movement
• Nervous control
• Most organs contain all 4 types
• Tissue has non-living extracellular material
  between its cells

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE sheets of cells cover a
surface or line a cavity

• Functions
• Protection
• Secretion
• Absorption
• Ion Transport

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Characteristics of Epithelium

• Cellularity
• Composed of cells
• Specialized contacts
• Joined by cell junctions
• Polarity
• Apical vs. Basal surfaces differ
• Supported by connective tissue
• Avascular
• Innervated
• Highly regenerative

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Classification of Epithelium-based on number of
layers and cell shape

• Layers
• Simple
• Stratified
• Stratified layers characterized by shape of
  apical layer
• Psuedostratified
• Shapes
• Squamous
• Cuboidal
• Columnar
• Transitional

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Types of Epithelium

• Simple squamous (1 layer)
• Lungs, blood vessels, ventral body cavity
• Simple cuboidal
• Kidney tubules, glands
• Simple columnar
• Stomach, intestines
• Pseudostratified columnar
• Respiratory passages (ciliated version)
• Stratified squamous (gt1 layer)
• Epidermis, mouth, esophagus, vagina
• Named so according to apical cell shape
• Regenerate from below
• Deep layers cuboidal and columnar
• Transitional (not shown)
• Thins when stretches
• Hollow urinary organs

All histology pictures property of BIOL 1010 Lab
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Special Epithelium

• Endothelium
• Simple squamous epithelium that lines vessels
• e.g. lymphatic blood vessel
• Mesothelium
• Simple squamous epithelium that forms the lining
  of body cavities
• e.g. pleura, pericardium, peritoneum

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Features of Apical Surface of Epithelium

• Microvilli (ex) in small intestine
• Finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane of
  apical epithelial cell
• Increase surface area for absorption
• Cilia (ex) respiratory tubes
• Whip-like, motile extension of plasma membrane
• Moves mucus, etc. over epithelial surface 1-way

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Features of Lateral Surface of Epithelium

• Cells are connected to neighboring cells via
• Contour of cells-wavy contour fits together
• Cell Junctions (3 common)
• Desmosomes
• Proteins hold cells together to maintain
  integrity of tissue
• Tight Junctions
• Plasma membrane of adjacent cells fuse, nothing
  passes
• Gap junction
• Proteins allow small molecules to pass through

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Features of the Basal Surface of Epithelium

• Basement membrane
• Sheet between the epithelial and connective
  tissue layers
• Attaches epithelium to connective tissue below
• Made up of
• Basal lamina thin, non-cellular, supportive
  sheet made of proteins
• Superficial layer
• Acts as a selective filter
• Assists epithelial cell regeneration by moving
  new cells
• Reticular fiber layer
• Deeper layer
• Support

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Glands

• Epithelial cells that make and secrete a product
• Products are water-based and usually contain
  proteins
• Classified as
• Unicellular vs. multicellular
• Exocrine vs. Endocrine

Page 138
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Glands epithelial cells that make and secrete a
water-based substance w/proteins

• Exocrine Glands
• Secrete substance onto body surface or into body
  cavity
• Activity is local
• Have ducts
• Unicellular or Multicellular
• (ex) goblet cells, salivary, mammary, pancreas,
  liver

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Glands epithelial cells that make and secrete a
water-based substance w/proteins

• Endocrine Glands
• Secrete product into blood stream
• Either stored in secretory cells or in follicle
  surrounded by secretory cells
• Hormones travel to target organ to increase
  response (excitatory)
• No ducts
• (ex) pancreas, adrenal, pituitary, thyroid

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4 Types of Tissue

• Epithelium
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nervous

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4 Types of Connective Tissue

• Connective Tissue Proper
• Cartilage
• Bone Tissue
• Blood

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Connective Tissue (CT) most abundant and
diverse tissue

• Four Classes
• Functions include connecting, storing carrying
  nutrients, protection, fight infection
• CT contains large amounts of non-living
  extracellular matrix
• Contains a variety of cells and fibers
• Some types vascularized
• All CT originates from mesenchyme
• Embryonic connective tissue

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Fibers in Connective Tissue

• Fibers For Support
• Reticular
• form networks for structure support
• (ex) cover capillaries
• Collagen
• strongest, most numerous, provide tensile
  strength
• (ex) dominant fiber in ligaments
• Elastic
• long thin, stretch and retain shape
• (ex) dominant fiber in elastic cartilage

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Components of Connective Tissue

• Fibroblasts
• cells that produce all fibers in CT
• produce secrete protein subunits to make them
• produce ground matrix
• Interstitial (Tissue) Fluid
• derived from blood in CT proper
• medium for nutrients, waste oxygen to travel to
  cells
• found in ground matrix
• Ground Matrix (substance)
• part of extra-cellular material that holds and
  absorbs interstitial fluid
• Made and secreted by fibroblasts
• jelly-like with sugar protein molecules

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1) Connective Tissue Proper

• Two kinds Loose CT Dense CT
• Functions
• Support and bind to other tissue
• Hold body fluids
• Defends against infection
• Stores nutrients as fat
• Each function performed by different kind of
  fibers and cells in specific tissue

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Defense from Infection

• Areolar tissue below epithelium is bodys first
  defense
• Cells travel to CT in blood
• Macrophages-eat foreign particles
• Plasma cells-secrete antibodies, mark molecules
  for destruction
• Mast cells-contain chemical mediators for
  inflammation response
• White Blood Cells neutrophils, lymphocytes,
  eosinophils-fight infection
• Ground substance cell fibers-slow invading
  microorganisms

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Loose CT Proper

• Areolar CT
• All types of fibers present
• All typical cell types present
• Surrounds blood vessels and nerves

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Specialized Loose CT Proper

• Adipose tissue
• Loaded with adipocytes, highly vascularized, high
  metabolic activity
• Insulates, produces energy, supports
• Found in hypodermis under skin
• Reticular CT
• Contains only reticular fibers
• Forms caverns to hold free cells, forms internal
  skeleton of some organs
• Found in bone marrow, holds blood cells, lymph
  nodes, spleen

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Dense/Fibrous Connective Tissue

• Contains more collagen
• Can resist extremely strong pulling forces
• Regular vs. Irregular
• Regular-fibers run same direction, parallel to
  pull
• (eg) fascia, tendons, ligaments
• Irregular-fibers thicker, run in different
  directions
• (eg) dermis, fibrous capsules at ends of bones

Dense regular
Dense irregular
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Components of CT Proper Summarized
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2) Cartilage

• Chondroblasts produce cartilage
• Chondrocytes mature cartilage cells
• Reside in lacunae
• More abundant in embryo than adult
• Firm, Flexible
• Resists compression
• (eg) trachea, meniscus
• Avascular (chondrocytes can function w/ low
  oxygen)
• NOT Innervated
• Perichondrium
• dense, irregular connective tissue around
  cartilage
• growth/repair of cartilage
• resists expansion during compression of cartilage

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Cartilage in the Body

• Three types
• Hyaline
• most abundant
• fibers in matrix
• support via flexibility/resilience
• (eg) at limb joints, ribs, nose
• Elastic
• many elastic fibers in matrix too
• great flexibility
• (eg) external ear, epiglottis
• Fibrocartilage
• resists both compression and tension
• (eg) meniscus, annulus fibrosus

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Components of Cartilage Summarized
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3) Bone Tissue (a bone is an organ)

• Well-vascularized
• Function
• support (eg) pelvic bowl, legs
• protect (eg) skull, vertebrae
• mineral storage (eg) calcium, phosphate
  (inorganic component)
• movement (eg) walk, grasp objects
• blood-cell formation (eg) red bone marrow

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Bone Tissue

• Osteoblasts
• Secrete organic part of bone matrix
• Osteocytes
• Mature bone cells
• Sit in lacunae
• Maintain bone matrix
• Osteoclasts
• Degrade and reabsorb bone
• Periosteum
• External layer of CT that surrounds bone
• Outer Dense irregular CT
• Inner Osteoblasts, osteoclasts
• Endosteum
• Internal layer of CT that lines cavities and
  covers trabeculae
• Contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts

academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/.../skeletal.htm
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Compact Bone

• External layer
• Osteon (Haversian system)
• Parallel to the long axis of the bone
• Groups of concentric tubules (lamella)
• Lamella layer of bone matrix where all fibers
  run in the same direction
• Adjacent lamella fibers run in opposite
  directions
• Haversian Canal runs through center of osteon
• Contains blood vessels and nerves
• Connected to each other by perforating (Volkman)
  canals
• Interstitial lamellae fills spaces and forms
  periphery

www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/.../CartilageandBone03.htm
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Bone Anatomy Spongy bone

• Spongy bone (cancellous bone) internal layer
• Trabeculae small, needle-like pieces of bone
  form honeycomb
• each made of several layers of lamellae
  osteocytes
• no canal for vessels
• space filled with bone marrow
• not as dense, no direct stress at bones center

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Shapes of Bones

• Flat skull, sternum, clavicle
• Irregular pelvis, vertebrae
• Short carpals, patella
• Long femur, phalanges, metacarpals,
  humerus

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Anatomy of a Long Bone

• Diaphysis
• Medullary Cavity
• Nutrient Artery Vein
• 2 Epiphyses
• Epiphyseal Plates
• Epiphyseal Artery Vein
• Periosteum
• Does not cover epiphyses
• Endosteum
• Covers trabeculae of spongy bone
• Lines medullary cavity of long bones

training.seer.cancer.gov/.../illu_long_bone.jpg
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2 Types of Bone Formation

• Intramembranous Ossification
• Membrane bones most skull bones and clavicle
• Osteoblasts in membrane secrete osteoid that
  mineralizes
• Endochondral Ossification All other bones
• Begins with a cartilaginous model
• Cartilage calcifies
• Medullary cavity is formed by action of
  osteoclasts
• Epiphyses grow and eventually calcify
• Epiphyseal plates remain cartilage for up to 20
  years

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Bone Growth Remodeling

• GROWTH
• Appositional Growth widening of bone
• Bone tissue added on surface by osteoblasts of
  periosteum
• Medullary cavity maintained by osteoclasts
• Lengthening of Bone
• Epiphyseal plates enlarge by chondroblasts
• Matrix calcifies (chondrocytes die and
  disintegrate)
• Bone tissue replaces cartilage on diaphysis side
• REMODELING
• Due to mechanical stresses on bones, their tissue
  needs to be replaced
• Osteoclasts-take up bone ( breakdown) release
  Ca2 , PO4 to body fluids from bone
• Osteoblasts-form new bone by secreting osteoid
• Ideally osteoclasts osteoblasts work at the
  same rate!

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Components of Bone Tissue Summarized
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4) Blood Atypical Connective Tissue

• Function
• Transports waste, gases, nutrients, hormones
  through cardiovascular system
• Helps regulate body temperature
• Protects body by fighting infection
• Derived from mesenchyme
• Hematopoiesis production of blood cells
• Occurs in red bone marrow
• In adults, axial skeleton, girdles, proximal
  epiphyses of humerus and femur

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Blood Cells

• Erythrocytes (RBC) small, oxygen-transporting
• most abundant in blood
• no organelles, filled w/hemoglobin
• pick up O2 at lungs, transport to rest of body
• Leukocytes (WBC) complete cells , 5 types
• fight against infectious microorganisms
• stored in bone marrow for emergencies
• Platelets Thrombocytes
• fragments of cytoplasm
• plug small tears in vessel walls, initiates
  clotting

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Components of Blood Summarized
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4 Types of Tissue

• Epithelium
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nervous

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Muscle Tissue

• Muscle cells/fibers
• Elongated
• Contain many myofilaments Actin Myosin
• FUNCTION
• Movement
• Maintenance of posture
• Joint Stabilization
• Heat Generation
• Three types Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

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Skeletal Muscle Tissue(each skeletal muscle is
an organ)

• Cells
• Long and cylindrical, in bundles
• Multinucleate
• Obvious Striations
• Skeletal Muscles-Voluntary
• Connective Tissue Components
• Endomysium-surrounds fibers
• Perimysium-surrounds bundles
• Epimysium-surrounds the muscle
• Attached to bones, fascia, skin
• Origin Insertion

academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/.../muscular.htm
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Cardiac Muscle

• Cells
• Branching, chains of cells
• Single or Binucleated
• Striations
• Connected by Intercalated discs
• Cardiac Muscle-Involuntary
• Myocardium-heart muscle
• Pumps blood through vessels
• Connective Tissue Component
• Endomysium surrounding cells

www.answers.com
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Smooth Muscle Tissue

• Cells
• Single cells, uninucleate
• No striations
• Smooth Muscle-Involuntary
• 2 layers-opposite orientation (peristalsis)
• Found in hollow organs, blood vessels
• Connective Tissue Component
• Endomysium surrounds cells

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4 Types of Tissue

• Epithelium
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nervous

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Nervous Tissue

• Neurons specialized nerve cells conduct impulses
• Cell body, dendrite, axon
• Characterized by
• No mitosis (cell replication)
• Longevity
• High metabolic rate

www.morphonix.com
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Nervous Tissue control

• Support cells ( Neuroglial) nourishment,
  insulation, protection
• Satellite cells-surround cell bodies within
  ganglia
• Schwann cells-surround axons (PNS)
• Microglia-phagocytes
• Oligodendrocytes-produce myelin sheaths around
  axons
• Ependymal cells-line brain/spinal cord, ciliated,
  help circulate CSF
• Brain, spinal cord, nerves

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Integumentary System

• Functions
• Protection
• Mechanical, thermal, chemical, UV
• Cushions insulates deeper organs
• Prevention of water loss
• Thermoregulation
• Excretion
• Salts, urea, water
• Sensory reception

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Microanatomy - Layers of the Skin

• Epidermis
• Epithelium
• Dermis
• Connective tissue
• Hypodermis / subcutis
• Loose connective tissue
• Anchors skin to bone or muscle
• Skin Appendages outgrowths of epidermis
• Hair follicles
• Sweat and Sebaceous glands
• Nails

www.uptodate.com/.../Melanoma_anatomy.jpg
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Cell Layers of the Epidermis

• Stratum corneum
• Dead keratinocytes
• Stratum lucidum
• Only in thick skin
• Dead keratinocytes
• Stratum granulosum
• Water proofing
• Stratum spinosum
• Resists tears and tension
• Stratum basale
• Sensory receptors
• Melanocytes
• Keratinocytes (in all layers)

15minbeauty.blogspot.com
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Layers of the Dermis

• Highly innervated
• Highly vascularized
• Collagen Elastic fibers
• 2 layers
• Papillary layer (20)
• Areolar CT
• Collagen Elastic fibers
• Innervation
• Hair follicles
• Reticular layer (80)
• Dense irregular CT
• Glands
• sebum
• 2.5 million sweat glands!!
• Smooth muscle fibers
• Innervation

www.uptodate.com/.../Melanoma_anatomy.jpg
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Hypodermis

• Also called superficial fascia
• Areolar Adipose Connective Tissue
• Functions
• Store fat
• Anchor skin to muscle, etc.
• Insulation

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Structure of Tubular Organs

• LUMEN
• Tunica Mucosa
• Lamina epithelialis
• Lamina propria
• Lamina muscularis mucosa
• Tunica Submucosa
• Tunica Muscularis
• Inner circular
• Outer longitudinal
• Tunica Adventitia / Serosa
• Adventitia covers organ directly
• Serosa suspends organ in the peritoneal cavity