The Middle Ages Continued!

1
The Middle Ages Continued!

• The Medieval Church
• The rise of the monarchies
• The height of the Middle Ages

2
The Medieval Church

• Catholic Church was the ONLY choice in Europe
  400s 1400s.
• The POPE (leader of the Church) had many duties.
• Spiritual leadership
• Political duties
• Social tasks

3
Religious Role

• All people were sinners
• Dependent on Gods grace for salvation.
• The only way to get salvation was through the
  Church.

4
BUT

• Most Church rituals were done in Latin a
  language few people knew.
• MANY priests were poorly educated and didnt
  preach well.

5
SO

• Most people learned their Christianity from
  Church paintings, statues, and cathedrals.

6
Church Organization

• Parish priests were what most people knew of the
  Church.
• Occasionally bishops would visit
• Archbishops watched what bishops did.
• Cardinals were in charge of countries.

7
Church Organization

• THE POPE oversaw all.
• Romes First Bishop
• Bishop of Rome
• Shoes of the Fisherman
• Chosen of Peter the Apostle

8
Two types of religious people

• Saeculo (secular or of the real world)
• Priests, bishops, cardinals
• Regula ( kept apart from the real world)
• Nuns and monks in monasteries or nunneries.
• Hermits
• Cloisters

9
Benedicts Rule The monks way

• 520 CE Benedict founded a monastery at Monte
  Cassino.
• Created book of rules for monks to follow.
• Manual work, meditation, prayer, never marry,
  never own personal goods, tonsured hair.
• OBEDIENCE to the abbot.
• Leader of the monastery.

10
Monastic Life

• Wore plain and coarse clothes.
• Ate only 1 2 meals a day.
• Rules of Silence for many hours a day.
• Listen to the voice of God.
• Listen to the scriptures.

11
For Women Convents

• Nuns wore simple clothes and WIMPLES to cover
  heads and necks.
• Prayer, spinning, weaving, embroidering.
• Taught noblemens daughters medicinal herbs and
  sewing.
• Led by the ABBESS.

12
Influence of the Monastics

• Monks and nuns lived apart from society.
• But they were visited by those seeking to learn
  to read and write.
• SCRIBES copied Bibles and Roman documents

13
Influence of the Monastics

• Illuminated Texts
• Told the stories
• Pictures helped those that couldnt read.

14
Influence of the Monastics

• Provided schools (kind of)
• Provided hospitals (kind of)
• Hotels for the traveling (kind of)

15
Power of the Church

• The Church received a lot of land and gifts in
  exchange for forgiving a lot of noblemen,
  noblewomen, and kings sins.
• Hmmmm. Kind of suspicious!
• Remember Pepin the Short?

16
Power of the Church

• The Church became quite wealthy.
• MAYBE a bit careless about carrying out their
  religious duties?
• Played politics rather than religion.

17
Church Reform

• By 1057 Church declared that only cardinals
  not kings could chose the pope.
• 1073 Pope Gregory VII declared kings had no
  right to judge any member of the Church.

18
Fighting Heresy

• Heresy denial of the Churchs teachings.
• Viewed as Treason.

19
Fighting Heresy

• Condemned heretics those who spread heresy and
  challenged the Church.
• Excommunication
• Denial of any Church sacraments.
• Sent kings / knights to crush heresy.

20
The Inquisition

• 1222 Church set up a court to find heresy.
• Brought people before the court to confess
  their sins.
• Rarely had real proof
• Used torture to get confessions
• Terrified people.
• Imprisonment / banished / execution

21
Friars Inspire Reform

• 1200s a new type of Churchman FRIARS.
• Wandering preachers.
• No personal possessions.
• Depended on gifts from people to eat, have
  shelter.

22
Franciscan Friars

• Francis of Assisi started the order.
• Live the simple life of Jesus.
• Poor Claires were the female equivalent.
• Dominicans were more educated to try to
  reeducate the heresies.

23
The Churchs Inquisition was not liked by many
kings.

• How dare the church take the citizens of any
  country and make them confess??

24
The Rise of European Monarchy

• Three main powers at that time
• England
• France
• The Holy Roman Empire

25
English Kings The Anglo-Saxons

• Ruled 500s 1066.
• Germanic tribes that invaded and took over
  pushing the native Celts to Scotland, Wales or
  Cornwall.

26
Anglo-Saxon Kings

• Alfred the Great
• 871 899
• Like Charlemagne built schools and appreciated
  learning.
• Kept the Vikings from taking over in England.

27
Anglo-Saxon Kings

• The last was Edward the Confessor
• Died in 1066
• No children
• Promised the throne to two men
• Harold Godwinson Anglo-Saxon
• William the Bastard Norman (Vikings in France)
  duke.

28
Both Harold and William wanted to be king!

• Battle of Hastings
• Harold had first crushed a Viking attempt to take
  England.
• When he heard that William was arriving with
  6,000 knights he rushed off to meet him at

29
The Battle of Hastings

• Harold lost.
• William the Bastard became William the Conqueror.

30
William the Conqueror Changes in England

• The Bayeux Tapestry
• Told the story of the Battle of Hastings.
• The Domesday Book the first census to count
  every person, every farm, town, house, pig, etc.

31
William the Conqueror Changes to England

• Made his wife Mathilda the ruler when he had to
  go back to Normandy in France.

32
William the Conquerors Heirs The Angevins

• William Rufus (died under mysterious
  circumstances)
• Henry I (youngest son)
• Happened to be hunting with William Rufus when he
  died.
• Imprisoned his 2nd eldest brother Robert when he
  arrived in England.

33
Henry Is problem NO SON

• Daughter Mathilda?
• Had a personality like her grandfather William
  the Bastard.
• Widowed Empress of Holy Roman Empire.
• Had a son
• Nephew Stephen?
• Was a male

34
After Henry Is death

• WAR between Mathilda and Stephen.
• Finally compromised
• Stephen got to be king
• BUT Mathildas (Maud) son Henry, not Stephens,
  got to be the next king.

35
The Plantagenants Henry II

• Great king! Always on the move and highly
  intelligent.
• Consolidated power and got rid of rogue nobles.
• Established COMMON LAW
• Set up first jury system for trials.

36
Henry IIs Problem? Too Many Sons and his Wife!

• Eleanor of Aquitaine
• Sons
• William (The Young King) died.
• Richard the Lionheart (1189 1199)
• Geoffrey (died)
• John (1199 1215)

37
Richard the Lionheart

• Romantic ideal of a king.
• Took time from slaughtering people to write
  poetry and music.
• The real power of ruling was with his mother.

38
King John the king so BAD no other king has had
the name of John!

• The Magna Carta
• Means BIG Charter
• Made King John promise to follow the laws his
  father had made.
• First limits on Kings Powers
• John had choice sign or die.

39
Rise of Parliament

• John died in 1215.
• No one tried to find out how he really died.
• Only English king not to be buried either in
  France or in London.
• His 3 year old son took over.

40
Rise of Parliament

• A group of nobles said theyd rule for the boy
  until he came of age.
• People in the city were gaining power and also
  wanted a say in government.
• Parliament was created to advise a king.

41
The Rise of Parliament

• 1400 Parliament divided into two houses to
  advise the king
• House of Lords nobles and clergy
• House of Commons knights and burgesses (city
  business people)

42
France

• After Charlemagne France went to pieces.
• 987 Hugh Capet seized the throne from
  Charlemagnes descendent.
• Capetian dynasty lasted for 300 years.

43
Beginnings of Central Government in France

• Louis VI used townspeople to support him rather
  than the nobles.
• Towns were more loyal to the king than to feudal
  lords.

44
Strengthening the Monarchy

• Philip II ruled 1180 1223.
• special relationship with Richard the
  Lionheart.
• Through marriage, war and some dirty politics
  took all the French land that England had.
• Made his army loyal to him and not feudal lords.

45
By the time of Philip IV in 1314

• France had taken over parts of Flanders (Holland)
• Philip could tax even the Church.
• Kings in France had absolute control in
  comparison to England.

46
The Holy Roman Empire

• Germany stayed weak while England and France grew
  strong.
• 1000 1100s German kings tried to restore
  Charlemagnes empire.

47
The Holy Roman Empire

• Otto the Great helped the Pope with some
  troublesome Italian nobles.
• Was crowned Holy Roman Emperor for his support.

48
Problems of the Holy Roman Empire

• Otto and his successors said they had the right
  to help pick the next popes.
• Kept popes weak militarily.
• Who had the power the Pope or the Kings?

49
Emperor and Pope Collide

• 1077 Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV.
• ROUND ONE Pope won when he excommunicated Henry
  until he begged forgiveness at the gates of Rome
  for three days.

50
Emperor and Pope Collide

• ROUND TWO Henry had the upper hand and forced
  the pope to accept that the king could appoint
  bishops.
• Pope could only veto if the candidate was REALLY
  bad.
• THE FIGHTS CONTINUED FOR 300 years!