Sustainable Design in Engineering

1
Sustainable Design in Engineering

• ECE 0909.403 - Lecture 3a
• 5 February 2002
• Peter Mark Jansson PP PE MScEng

2
Aims

• Review the Fundamentals of Energy
• Historic Usage Trends
• Forms of Energy
• Units of Energy
• Key Terms
• Todays Energy Mix
• Fossil Fuels
• Oil, Natural Gas and Coal
• Understanding the Heat Engines
• Have Fun

3
Homework

• Assignment Two
• Due Tuesday, 12 February, 2002
• 330 PM
• See Web

4
Historic Energy Use
266.8
89.3
30.2
13..9
5.8
2.3
5
Forms of Energy

• Chemical
• Heat
• Mass
• Kinetic
• Potential
• Electric
• Electromagnetic Induction
• Electromagnetic Radiation
• Electrostatic Potential

6
What is Power?
7
Units of Energy

• Joule (Newton-meter) Power Watt (1 J/sec)
• Watt-hour ( 3,600 J)
• British Thermal Unit (Btu) (1055 J)
• Calorie ( 4.184 J)
• Foot-pound ( 1.36 J)
• Electron-volt ( 1.6x10-19 J)

8
Key Terms

• Principle of Conservation of Energy (1847)
• Total energy in an isolated region cannot change
• Energy Transformation
• Changing energy from one form to another
• Renewable Energy
• Solar, geothermal and tidal energy
• Nonrenewable Energy
• Fossil and nuclear energy (some geothermal)
• Energy Efficiency
• Ratio of output energy to input energy
• Energy Conservation
• Using less energy to perform a given task

9
Todays Energy Mix
39.7
Fossil Fuels represent 85 of Total
22.7
22.2
6.6
7.1
0.7
10
Energy Transformation
Fossil Fuel Type Chemical Reactions By-
Products   Natural Gas CH4 2O2 --gt CO2
2(H2O) CO2 , CO, water, hydrocarbons 85
MethaneCH4 and heat exothermic reaction
15 EthaneC2H6   Bottled Gas 2C3H8 9O2
--gt 4CO2 2CO CO2 ,CO, water,
hydrocarbons Propane C3H8 8(H2O) and heat
exothermic reaction Butane C4H10   Petroleum
C8H18 12O2 --gt 7CO2 CO CO2 ,CO,
water, hydrocarbons Gasoline 9(H2O) and
heat exothermic reaction PentaneC5H12 Hexane
C6H14 HeptaneC7H16 Octane C8H18   Coal C
O2 --gt CO2 CO CO2 ,CO, SO2 , NO2, water,
contains carbon plus S O2 --gt SO2 plus
SOx hydrocarbons, SOx, NOx impurities N O2
--gt NO2 plus NO, NO3, NOx particulates,
etc. and heat exothermic reaction SOURCE
Ramage 1997
11
Energy Transformation

• Natural Gas
• 1 kg yields 55 MJ of heat (15 kWh)
• Petroleum
• 1 kg yields 12 kWh
• Coal
• 1 kg yields 7.2 kWh
• Hydrogen
• 1 kg yields 37 kWh
• Wood
• 1 kg yields 4.2 kWh

12
Energy Efficiency
13
Energy Transformation Technologies
Energy Source Fuel Type Technologies in
Use   Fossil Fuels Natural Gas Heaters,
Furnaces, Boilers, etc Petroleum Heaters,
Furnaces, Boilers, etc. Coal Heaters,
Furnaces, Boilers, etc. Shale Oil Processing
facility yields petroleum Tar
Sands Processing facility yields
petroleum Nuclear Fission Uranium PWR
creates steam / electricity BWR creates
steam / electricity Plutonium Breeder
technology - LMFBR   Nuclear Fusion Hydrogen
No Technology Exists as of Yet  
14
Energy Transformation Technologies
Energy Source Fuel Type Technologies in
Use   Solar Solar Thermal Passive Active
Water Htg. Systems Passive Active Space
Htg. Systems Power Tower/Parabolic Dishes /
Troughs Photovoltaic Amorphous
Cells Crystalline Cells single, multi,
etc. Biomass Wood, Seaweed, algae,
etc. Agricultural Crops alcohol, waste,
etc. Municipal Solid Waste paper
primarily Hydroelectric Reservoirs, dams,
water wheels, generators, pumped
storage Wind Power Wind Mills, Sailing,
Turbines VA/HA Ocean Waves Pilot Systems -
Compressor/Generator Ocean Thermal OTEC Design
1930, 1975  
15
Energy Transformation Technologies
Energy Source Fuel Type Technologies in
Use   Geothermal Geopressured Heaters,
Turbine/generators Hot Dry Rock
formations Heaters, Turbine/generators Hot
Water Res. Water and Space Htg.
Systems Normal Grad. Res. Heaters,
Turbine/generators Natural Steam Heaters,
Turbine/generators Molten Magma No Technology
Exists as of Yet Normal Ground Gradient GS/GC
Heat Pump Systems   Tidal Potential Energy of
Reservoirs, dams, generators Earth-Moon-Sun
gravity  
SOURCE Jansson 1997
16
Heat Engines

• Devices that convert heat energy into mechanical
  energy
• History
• Steam Engine
• Savery 1698 (lt1 efficient)
• Newcomen 1705 (1 efficient)
• Watt 1770 (separate condenser 2 efficient)
• Steam Turbine (Parsons 1880 10 efficient)

17
Heat Engine Efficiencies

• Modern Steam Turbines (30 efficient)
• Gasoline Engines (max. 20 efficient)
• Diesel engine (max. 30 efficient)
• Gas Turbines (20-30 efficient)
• Heat Pumps (C.O.P. of 2-12)
• Cogeneration Systems (gt70 efficient)

18
Fossil Fuel Lifetimes

• Fossil Fuel Type Proven Reserves Est.
  Remaining Lifetime
•  
• Oil
• Global 999 x 109 bbl 40 years
• U.S. 72 x 109 bbl 16 years
• Natural Gas
• Global 5185 x 1012 ft3 60 years
• U.S. 600 x 1012 ft3 20 years
•  
• Coal
• Global 7.64 x 1012 tonne 200 years
• U.S. 1.5 x 1012 tonne 86 years, 66 years
•  
• SOURCE Jansson 1997

19
U.S. Energy Use by Sector
9.4
35.6
28.4
26.7
SOURCE Ristinen and Kraushaar 1999
20
Electricity Technologies

• Faraday Generators (gt1.2 Trillion)
• Photovoltaics (1.1 Billion)
• Thermoelectrics ( 500 Million)
• Fuel Cells ( 200 Million)
• Piezoelectrics (lt 20 Million)
• Magnetohydrodynamics

21
DEVICES
ENERGY SOURCE
User
Mechanical power in environment
Turbine Generator
Electromagnetic Induction
Piezo- Electric
Solar Power
Ions
Fossil and Biomass Fuel
Electrical power
Electro chemical cells
Ions
Chemical Energy
Heat engine
Electromagnetic Induction
Gas kinetic energy
MHD
HEAT
Ion kinetic energy
EHD
Thermoionic converter
Free electrons
Thermo electric generator
Semiconductor electrons / holes
Infrared photovoltaics
Radiation
Nuclear, Hydrogen, other thermal
Visible photo voltaics