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LongTerm Memory

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Orienting tasks assigned at study to induce different levels of processing ... Pollyanna Principle. Rate of forgetting for pleasant & unpleasant events ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: LongTerm Memory


1
Long-Term Memory
  • Dr. Claudia J. Stanny
  • EXP 4507
  • Memory Cognition
  • Spring 2009

2
Overview
  • Types of Long Term Memory
  • Relation between encoding and retrieval
  • Encoding processes and their consequences
  • Retrieval strategies
  • Autobiographical memory

3
Long Term Memory Ebbinghaus (1885) Long-term
Retention Functions
4
Types of Long Term Memory
5
Distinctive Characteristics of LTM
  • Organization of information
  • Schemas
  • Capacity
  • Duration
  • Bahrick permastore
  • Encoding impact on retention
  • Retrieval mechanisms
  • Forgetting availability versus accessablity

6
Encoding Strategies Levels of Processing
  • Craik Lockhart (1972)
  • Orienting tasks assigned at study to induce
    different levels of processing
  • Shallow processing (physical features of stimuli)
  • Does the word contain an E or a G?
  • Is the word presented in capital or lower case
    letters?
  • Intermediate processing
  • Write down a word that begins with the same
    sound.
  • Deep processing (semantic encoding)
  • Rate words on your perception of their
    PLEASANTNESS
  • (1 UNPLEASANT 7 PLEASANT)

7
Recognition performance for words processed at
different levels
Data from EXP 3082 (2002)
8
Variations on Deep Processing
  • What kinds of processing count as deep
    processing?
  • Distinctive encoding
  • Encoding differs or makes a stimulus stand out
  • Isolation effects unique encodings
  • Elaborate encoding
  • Create a code that includes multiple aspects
  • Complex codes many connections to other
    representations

9
Self-Reference Effect
  • Processing task
  • Does this word relate to you?
  • Recognition performance is as good as for a
    semantic processing task
  • Biggest improvement seen when participants think
    the word does apply to them (46) than when it
    does not (34)

10
Generation EffectSlamecka Graf (1978)
  • What is the effect of processing depth when you
    generate the code yourself versus when you have
    the coding given to you?
  • Read Condition
  • Shallow SAVE CAVE
  • Deep SEA OCEAN
  • Generate Condition
  • Shallow SAVE C____ (rhyme)
    CAVE
  • Deep SEA O_____ (synonym)
    OCEAN

11
Encoding Specificity
  • Match between cues encoded at study and cues
    available during retrieval

12
Emotion, Mood and Memory
  • Pollyanna Principle
  • Rate of forgetting for pleasant unpleasant
    events
  • Mood-dependent congruence
  • Mood-dependent memory (encoding specificity)

13
Retrieval from LTM
  • Types of Retention Tasks
  • Explicit Memory Tasks
  • Aware that memory is being used/tested
  • Subjective experience of intentional use of
    memory
  • Implicit Memory Tasks
  • Task is perceived as a problem-solving task or
    other cognitive challenge

14
Comparing Memory Tasks
  • Explicit Memory Tasks
  • Implicit Memory Tasks
  • Recall
  • Cued recall
  • Recognition tests
  • yes/no recognition
  • multiple choice tests
  • Word completion task
  • V__L__A__E
  • Word stem completion task
  • OC __ __ __
  • Repetition priming (RT tasks)
  • Lexical decision task
  • Anagram solving
  • LVGEALI ? _______

15
Evidence for different types of LTM
  • Dissociation of performance on explicit and
    implicit memory tasks
  • Variables improve performance on explicit memory
    but do not influence implicit memory performance
  • Depth of processing
  • Variables improve implicit memory performance but
    do not influence explicit memory
  • Benefits of number of repetitions
  • Note some variables have the same effect on both
    types of task (proactive interference)

16
Effect of LOP on performance on an implicit and
an explicit memory task
  • Shallow processing task
  • Does the word have a B or a P?
  • Deep processing task
  • Rate the word on its pleasantness (1 7)
  • Implicit memory test
  • Anagram task
  • Explicit memory test
  • Free recall

Data EXP 4507L Spring 2006
17
Amnesia
  • Differences in performance by amnesiacs on
    implicit and explicit memory tasks

18
How do experts differ from novices?
  • Amount of knowledge in area of expertise
  • Quality of organization of information in LTM
  • More efficient encoding of new information
  • More successful retrieval of information
  • Differences in cognitive strategies used
  • Chunking and organization of new material
  • Identifying distinctive characteristics of
    stimuli
  • Procedures used to solve problems
  • Better metacognition about processing
  • Judgments about task difficulty
  • Monitoring progress on a problem

19
Expertise is Context-Specific
  • Expertise emerges from extensive deliberate
    practice in a particular domain
  • 10 years of deliberate practice required
    (Ericsson, 2003)
  • Expertise in one domain does not make one an
    expert in every domain
  • Superior memory performance in one area of
    expertise does not generalize to superior memory
    performance in general
  • Problem identification and efficient solution is
    also domain-specific

20
Autobiographical Memory
  • Special case of episodic memory
  • Memory for events of our personal life
  • Interaction with semantic memory
  • Role of schemas in autobiographical recall
  • Consistency bias
  • Source monitoring
  • Identifying the origin of a memory or belief

21
Recall of autobiographical memories across the
life span (Rubin, 1997)
Reminiscence Bump
Forgetting Function
Infantile Amnesia
22
Flashbulb Memories
  • Highly detailed episodic memories of an event
  • Contain many autobiographical details
  • Source information for the news of the event
  • Detailed contextual information
  • Where you were, what you were doing, who you
    talked to, what your emotional response was, etc.
  • Are flashbulb memories special?
  • Do they include errors seen in other memories?
  • Are they subject to forgetting like other
    memories?

23
Eyewitness Memory
  • Estimator Variables
  • Characteristics of the witness or witnessed event
    known to have an influence on accuracy of witness
    recollections
  • System Variables
  • Characteristics of the legal / investigative
    process known to have an influence on accuracy of
    witness recollections
  • Variables that produce memory distortions
  • Misleading questioning
  • Post-Information effects

24
Factors that influence the accuracy of eyewitness
memory
  • Delays between the event and recall
  • Intrusions related to misinformation
  • Reconstructive nature of memory
  • Schema-based intrusions
  • Social pressure
  • Demand characteristics of questioning the
    encourage production of more information or a
    specific answer
  • Positive feedback following identifications
    during lineups increases confidence without
    increasing accuracy
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