Title: LongTerm Memory
1Long-Term Memory
- Dr. Claudia J. Stanny
- EXP 4507
- Memory Cognition
- Spring 2009
2Overview
- Types of Long Term Memory
- Relation between encoding and retrieval
- Encoding processes and their consequences
- Retrieval strategies
- Autobiographical memory
3Long Term Memory Ebbinghaus (1885) Long-term
Retention Functions
4Types of Long Term Memory
5Distinctive Characteristics of LTM
- Organization of information
- Schemas
- Capacity
- Duration
- Bahrick permastore
- Encoding impact on retention
- Retrieval mechanisms
- Forgetting availability versus accessablity
6Encoding Strategies Levels of Processing
- Craik Lockhart (1972)
- Orienting tasks assigned at study to induce
different levels of processing - Shallow processing (physical features of stimuli)
- Does the word contain an E or a G?
- Is the word presented in capital or lower case
letters? - Intermediate processing
- Write down a word that begins with the same
sound. - Deep processing (semantic encoding)
- Rate words on your perception of their
PLEASANTNESS - (1 UNPLEASANT 7 PLEASANT)
7Recognition performance for words processed at
different levels
Data from EXP 3082 (2002)
8Variations on Deep Processing
- What kinds of processing count as deep
processing? - Distinctive encoding
- Encoding differs or makes a stimulus stand out
- Isolation effects unique encodings
- Elaborate encoding
- Create a code that includes multiple aspects
- Complex codes many connections to other
representations
9Self-Reference Effect
- Processing task
- Does this word relate to you?
- Recognition performance is as good as for a
semantic processing task - Biggest improvement seen when participants think
the word does apply to them (46) than when it
does not (34)
10Generation EffectSlamecka Graf (1978)
- What is the effect of processing depth when you
generate the code yourself versus when you have
the coding given to you? - Read Condition
- Shallow SAVE CAVE
- Deep SEA OCEAN
- Generate Condition
- Shallow SAVE C____ (rhyme)
CAVE - Deep SEA O_____ (synonym)
OCEAN
11Encoding Specificity
- Match between cues encoded at study and cues
available during retrieval
12Emotion, Mood and Memory
- Pollyanna Principle
- Rate of forgetting for pleasant unpleasant
events - Mood-dependent congruence
- Mood-dependent memory (encoding specificity)
13Retrieval from LTM
- Types of Retention Tasks
- Explicit Memory Tasks
- Aware that memory is being used/tested
- Subjective experience of intentional use of
memory - Implicit Memory Tasks
- Task is perceived as a problem-solving task or
other cognitive challenge
14Comparing Memory Tasks
- Recall
- Cued recall
- Recognition tests
- yes/no recognition
- multiple choice tests
- Word completion task
- V__L__A__E
- Word stem completion task
- OC __ __ __
- Repetition priming (RT tasks)
- Lexical decision task
- Anagram solving
- LVGEALI ? _______
15Evidence for different types of LTM
- Dissociation of performance on explicit and
implicit memory tasks - Variables improve performance on explicit memory
but do not influence implicit memory performance - Depth of processing
- Variables improve implicit memory performance but
do not influence explicit memory - Benefits of number of repetitions
- Note some variables have the same effect on both
types of task (proactive interference)
16Effect of LOP on performance on an implicit and
an explicit memory task
- Shallow processing task
- Does the word have a B or a P?
- Deep processing task
- Rate the word on its pleasantness (1 7)
- Implicit memory test
- Anagram task
- Explicit memory test
- Free recall
Data EXP 4507L Spring 2006
17Amnesia
- Differences in performance by amnesiacs on
implicit and explicit memory tasks
18How do experts differ from novices?
- Amount of knowledge in area of expertise
- Quality of organization of information in LTM
- More efficient encoding of new information
- More successful retrieval of information
- Differences in cognitive strategies used
- Chunking and organization of new material
- Identifying distinctive characteristics of
stimuli - Procedures used to solve problems
- Better metacognition about processing
- Judgments about task difficulty
- Monitoring progress on a problem
19Expertise is Context-Specific
- Expertise emerges from extensive deliberate
practice in a particular domain - 10 years of deliberate practice required
(Ericsson, 2003) - Expertise in one domain does not make one an
expert in every domain - Superior memory performance in one area of
expertise does not generalize to superior memory
performance in general - Problem identification and efficient solution is
also domain-specific
20Autobiographical Memory
- Special case of episodic memory
- Memory for events of our personal life
- Interaction with semantic memory
- Role of schemas in autobiographical recall
- Consistency bias
- Source monitoring
- Identifying the origin of a memory or belief
21Recall of autobiographical memories across the
life span (Rubin, 1997)
Reminiscence Bump
Forgetting Function
Infantile Amnesia
22Flashbulb Memories
- Highly detailed episodic memories of an event
- Contain many autobiographical details
- Source information for the news of the event
- Detailed contextual information
- Where you were, what you were doing, who you
talked to, what your emotional response was, etc. - Are flashbulb memories special?
- Do they include errors seen in other memories?
- Are they subject to forgetting like other
memories?
23Eyewitness Memory
- Estimator Variables
- Characteristics of the witness or witnessed event
known to have an influence on accuracy of witness
recollections - System Variables
- Characteristics of the legal / investigative
process known to have an influence on accuracy of
witness recollections - Variables that produce memory distortions
- Misleading questioning
- Post-Information effects
24Factors that influence the accuracy of eyewitness
memory
- Delays between the event and recall
- Intrusions related to misinformation
- Reconstructive nature of memory
- Schema-based intrusions
- Social pressure
- Demand characteristics of questioning the
encourage production of more information or a
specific answer - Positive feedback following identifications
during lineups increases confidence without
increasing accuracy