Endocrine System

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Endocrine System

• By Melanie Glisson
• Jennifer Nichols
• Kimberly Larentowicz

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What is the Endocrine System?

• Is made up of hormones and glands.
• Regulates mood, growth, development, tissue
  functions, metabolism, sexual functions, and
  reproductive processes.
• Works in connection with the nervous system, but
  is in charge of processes that happen slowly.

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What are Glands?

• One or more cells that are specialized to produce
  secrete or excrete.

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What are Hormones?

• Means to excite or spur on.
• Cause other things to start happening.

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Major Glands of the Endocrine System

• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary
• Thyroid
• Parathyroids
• Adrenals
• Pineal Body
• Reproductive glands
• Pancreas

http//www.emedicinehealth.com/fulltext/37539.htm
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Hypothalamus

• Located in lower central part of brain.
• Regulates satiety (a condition of being full,
  satisfied), metabolism, and body temperature.
• Releases inhibiting hormones.
• Somatostatin which causes the pituitary gland to
  stop the release of growth hormone.
• Cells in the hypothalamus called neuroendocrine
  cells essentially function as both nerve cells
  and endocrine cells, because they generate nerve
  impulses and release hormones into blood vessels.

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Pituitary

• Located in the base of the brain, beneath the
  hypothalamus.
• Sometimes called the Master Gland.
• Produces the hormones and the hypothalamus
  regulates the one located in the anterior lobe.
• Divided into two parts
• Anterior lobe
• Produces hormone Oxytocin which induces uterine
  contractions and ejection of milk from mammary
  glands
• Posterior lobe
• Produces growth hormone which plays a role in
  cell division, protein synthesis, and metabolism

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Thyroid

• Located in the lower part of neck.
• Regulates bodys metabolism.
• Two main hormones produced by the thyroid gland
• Thyroxine speeds up cellular metabolism
• Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels
• Hormones maintain normal blood pressure, heart
  rate, digestion, muscle tone, and reproduction
  functions.

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Parathyroid

• Embedded in the back of the thyroid.
• Two pairs, one on each side.
• Regulates calcium levels in blood and bone.
• Produces only one hormone parathyroid hormone
  (PTH).

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Adrenals

• Triangle gland located on top of each kidney.
• Two parts
• Adrenal Cortex
• Outer part
• Produces hormones called corticosteroids
• These hormones regulate sexual function, salt and
  water balance, the body's response to stress,
  metabolism, and immune system function.
• Produces small amounts of the sex hormones
  estrogen and testosterone.
• Adrenal Medulla
• Inner part
• Produces hormones called catecholamines
• These hormones help control metabolism, kidney
  function, blood pressure, cardiovascular
  function, the bodys response to stress, the
  immune system, and sexual development and
  function.

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Pineal Body

• Located in the middle of the brain.
• Secretes hormone melatonin.
• Helps regulate the wake-sleep cycle of the body.

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Reproductive Glands

• Main source of sex hormones.
• In males
• Located in the testes
• Ex Testosterone-Testosterone has different
  functions in different phases of life including
  male sex drive and production of sperm
• In females
• Located in the ovaries
• Ex Estrogen-Initiates development of female
  secondary sex characteristics such as breast
  development, widening pelvis, and menstrual cycle
• Secretes hormones called androgens.

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Pancreas

• Located towards the back of abdomen behind the
  stomach.
• Regulates digestive and hormonal functions.
• Releases insulin and glucagon
• Regulates the level of glucose (sugar) in the
  blood

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Classes of Hormones

• 3 general classes based on structure
• Steroid Hormones
• -They are synthesized and secreted into the
  bloodstream by endocrine glands such as the
  adrenal cortex and the gonads (ovary and testis).
  
• (Ex Estrogen-which affects sexual development
  in women)
• Amino Acid Derivatives
• -Human proteins are constructed from only 10
  amino acids. Proteins an either be made by the
  human body or ingested from food we eat (Ex
  Phenylalanine- found in diet soda)
• Peptide Hormones
• - Peptides arise from proteins and consist of
  chains of amino acids (Ex thyrotropin-releasing
  hormone-TRH)

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? When Things Go Bad ?

• Too much or too little of a hormone can be
  harmful to your body
• Diseases
• Type 1 Diabetes
• Growth Hormone Problems
• Hypothyroidism

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Type 1 Diabetes

• Pancreas fails to produce enough insulin
• In children and teens, the condition is usually
  an autoimmune disorder in which specific immune
  system cells and antibodies produced by the
  child's immune system attack and destroy the
  cells of the pancreas that produce insulin.
• The disease can cause long-term complications
  including kidney problems, nerve damage,
  blindness, and early coronary heart disease and
  stroke.
• Symptoms
• Thirst
• Hunger
• Urination
• Weight loss

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Growth Hormone Problems

• Too much growth hormone in children who are still
  growing will make their bones and other body
  parts grow excessively, resulting in gigantism.
• Caused by a pituitary tumor and can be treated by
  removing the tumor
• If the pituitary gland fails to produce adequate
  amounts of growth hormone, a child's growth in
  height is impaired.
• Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) may also occur in
  children with growth hormone deficiency

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Hypothyroidism

• A condition in which the levels of thyroid
  hormones in the blood are abnormally low
• Symptoms
• Slows body processes
• Fatigue
• Slow heart rate
• Dry skin
• Weight gain
• Constipation
• In children, slowing of growth delayed puberty.

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Works Cited

• Human Biology Concepts and Current Issues
• By Michael D. Johnson
• Integrated Science
• By Bill W. Tillery
• Eldon D. Enger
• Frederick C. Koss
• Anatomy of the Endocrine System
• http//www.emedicinehealth.com/fulltext/37539.htm
• Your Gross and Cool Body Endocrine System
• http//yucky.kids.discovery.com/flash/body/pg00013
  3.html

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BIO 121-Life Science and Health for Elementary
Teachers

• Study Guide- Exam 3
• The Endocrine System
• What is the endocrine system made up of?
• What system does it work in connection with?
• What type of processes is it in charge of?
• Define glands and hormones? What are their
  functions?
• Name the eight glands found in human body. Label
  their location. (slide 8)
• Name the function of each gland?
• Name the three classes of hormones. How are the
  hormones structured?
• True or False- Too much of a hormone is good for
  your body?
• How can things go wrong the endocrine system?
• Name the three diseases described in the
  PowerPoint
• Describe the condition of Type 1 diabetes in
  children and teens
• Give two symptoms of Type 1 diabetes
• Growth hormone problems are caused by a
  pituitary tumor
• Know what happens is the pituitary gland fails
  to produce adequate amounts of growth hormone
• What is hypoglycemia?
• Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the levels
  of thyroid hormones in the blood are abnormally
  low
• Name three symptoms