Nonexperimental research approaches

1
Non-experimental research approaches

• Christensen Ch 2

2
Introduction

• Ways of categorizing research approaches
• Experimental versus descriptive
• Experimental identifies ______________________
• Descriptive _________________________________
• Quantitative versus qualitative
• Quantitative collects _____________________
• Qualitative collects ______________________ like
  pictures, clothing worn, interview statements

3
Nonexperimental Quantitative Research

• Primary characteristicgives a description or
  picture of a phenomenon
• Types
• _________________________
• Ex post facto
• Longitudinal and cross-sectional
• ________________________
• _________________________

4
Correlational Study

• Measures degree of relationship between two
  variables
• _________________________
• Limitation
• cannot identify _____________________
• __________________________________
• Correlation between two variables due to some
  third variable

5
Ex Post Facto Study

• Characteristic-variables of interest are not
  subject to ___________________________
• uses individual difference variables
• variables on which individuals naturally differ
• Design-compare behavior of people who differ on
  the variable of interest
• Weaknessis _____________________ type of study
• ________________________________

6
Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Study

• __________________follow participants over time
  and measure behavior at selected time intervals
• ________________________Assess groups of
  participants that differ on some characteristic
  often at the same point in time
• Problem----age-cohort effect
• _______________________ suggested as an
  alternative to the cross-sectional design
• Uses overlapping age groups to eliminate the
  age-cohort effect

7
Naturalistic Observation

• Collect data on naturally occurring behavior
• Primary characteristics
• ____________________________
• ____________________________
• Weaknessdifficult to identify causal
  relationships

8
Meta Analysis

• Used to integrate and describe large number of
  studies
• Types of Meta-Analytic techniques
• Determine if overall _____________________exists
• Determine size of the ______________________

9
Survey

• Used to identify a specific state of affairs
• Methods of data collection
• Face-to-face or personal interview
• _________________________
• Mail out _____________________
• Electronic survey
• ______________________
• __________________________
• Pop-up survey is recent addition

10

• Advantages of electronic surveys
• ___________________
• Instant access
• ______________________
• Download to spreadsheet
• Flexible in layoutespecially web-based survey
• Disadvantages of electronic surveys
• _________________________________

11

• Which type to use
• Web-based if goal is to sample a
  _________________
• E-mail if goal is to target a __________________
• E-mail if rapid response is needed

12

• Question construction
• Type of question
• _______________________________
• Question wording
• avoid _____________________ and double-barreled
  questions
• Ordering of the questionspositive ones first
• Question length ______________________

13

• Response bias
• _______________________
• Response set
• Obtaining participants
• Haphazard sample
• _______________________

14
Qualitative Research

• Definition
• ________________________
• _______________________
• Conducted in field or natural setting
• Issue in qualitative researchthe accuracy of the
  data collected

15
Phenomenology

• Definitiondescription of conscious experience
  of phenomenon
• Primary method of data collection--_______________
  _______________
• Analysis of interview data
• Extract phrases and statement that pertain to
  phenomenon
• Interpret and give meaning to phrases and
  statements
• Write _____________________________________

16
Ethnography

• Definition _____________________________________
  ___________________
• Cultures can be micro or macro
• Primary data collection method--participant
  observation
• Requires entry and acceptance by group
• Must guard against reactive effect
• Collect information by observing and listening

17
Ethnography

• Data analysis
• Identify _____________________________
• Write narrative report

18
Case Study

• Definitionintensive description and analysis of
  a person, organization or event
• Types of case studies
• ___________________________-
• Instrumental case study
• _____________________________