Principles of Growth

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Principles of Growth Development

• Presented By
• Christine Hicks

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Nursing Process Overview

• Assessment
• History Taking with Child Parent
• Observation
• Use of Assessment Tools (such as)
• Height Weight Charts
• Developmental Milestones
• Denver II
• Vision Hearing Screenings

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• Nursing Diagnoses (examples)
• Risk for altered growth development
• Altered growth development
• Family Coping
• Altered Nutrition
• Knowledge Deficit

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• Planning
• Wholistic Care--physical, emotional, cultural,
  cognitive, spiritual, social, nutritional
• Individualized NCP
• Inclusion of Family members, Caregivers,
  Teachers

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• Implementation
• Goal is to encourage age-appropriate self-care
  activities
• Work closely with Parents
• Nurse acts as a Role Model

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• Evaluation
• On-going evaluation hopefully leads to early
  detection of problems

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Role of the Nurse and Growth Development

• Health Promotion Illness Prevention
• Anticipatory Guidance
• Safety
• Screenings/Health Care

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• Health Restoration Maintenance
• Patient Education
• Affect of Illness on Physical Growth

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Principles of Growth Development

• Terms
• Growth
• Development/Maturation
• Psychosexual
• Psychosocial
• Moral
• Cognitive
• Developmental Task

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• Patterns (p. 749)
• Continuous
• Proceeds in orderly sequence
• Predictable stages/different rates
• All body systems do not develop at same rate
• Development is cephalocaudal
• Development is proximal to distal

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• Gross to refined skills
• Optimum time for experiences
• Neonatal reflexes must be lost
• Many behaviors/skills are learned by practice

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Factors Influencing Growth Development

• Genetics
• Gender
• Health
• Intelligence
• Temperment

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• Environment
• Socioeconomic Level
• Parent-Child Relationship
• Ordinal Position in the Family
• Health
• Nutrition

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• Nutrition (p.753-754)
• Variety of Foods
• Balance Food Activity
• Plenty of Grains, Vegetables, Fruits
• Low in Fat, Saturated Fats Cholesterol
• Moderation of Sugars, Salt Sodium

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• Patient Education in Nutrition
• Use of Food Pyramid
• Components of Healthy Diet
• Vegetarian Diets
• Alcohol Abuse

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Theories of Development

• Psychosexual--Freud
• Psychosocial--Erikson
• Cognitive--Piaget
• Moral--Kohlberg

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Freud

• Id-Ego-Superego of Personality Development
• Stages of Psychosexual Development

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• Id
• Ego
• Superego

• Instinctual Drives
• Individual/Reality
• Society

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Stages

• Infant--Oral
• Toddler--Anal

• Explores world with mouth/tongue
• Thumbsucking Breastfeeding
• Control of urination defecation
• Toilet Training

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• Preschooler--Phallic
• School-age--Latent

• Sexual Identity--notices boys girls
• Questions about birth
• Nonactive development

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• Adolescent--Genital

• Establishes relationships with opposite sex
• Dating

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Erikson

• Stages of Social Growth Development
• Differences between Freud Erikson

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• Infant--Trust v. Mistrust
• Toddler--Autonomy v. Shame

• Love
• Bonding
• Independent
• Makes Decisions
• Expresses Opinion

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• Preschooler--Sense of Initiative v. Guilt
• School-age--Sense of Industry v. Inferiority

• Learns how to do things
• Basic problem solving skills
• Learns how to do things well
• Rewards/Satisfaction

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• Adolescent--Sense of Identity v. Role Confusion

• Body Image
• Who he/she is
• Emancipation
• Career/College Choice
• Values Strengthen

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Piaget

• Stages of Cognitive Development

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• Infant-2 Years--
• Sensorimotor

• Environment-Child Relationship
• Hand-eye Coordination
• Experiments
• Memory
• Imitation

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• 2-7 Years--
• Perioperational Thought

• Thought becomes more symbolic
• Mental answers rather than physical
• Concept of Time is Now
• Concept of Distance is as far as Child can see

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• 7-12 Yrs--
• Concrete Operational Thought

• Systematic Reasoning
• Uses memory for broad concepts
• Classifications
• Concept of Reverse

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• 12 Yrs--
• Formal Operational Thought

• Can solve hypothetical problems
• Use of scientific reasoning
• Cause Effect
• Concept of Past, Present Future

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Kohlberg

• Stages of Moral Development

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• 2-3 Yrs--Preconventional Stage 1
• 4-7 Yrs--Preconventional Stage 2

• Punishment Obedience--needs clear instructions
• Individualism--needs assistance with self-care

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• 7-10 Yrs--Conventional Stage 3
• 10-12 Yrs-- Conventional Stage 4

• Follows the rules wants to be good helps others
• Maintenance of Social Order follows rules from
  authority has difficulty modifying procedure

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• Older than 2 Yrs--Postconventional
• Stage 5
• Stage 6

• Social contract follows standards of society
• Ethical principles follows internalized
  standards of conduct

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Continuing Themes

• Development of Play
• Development of Language

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Development of Play

• Function of Play
• Classification of Play
• Age Characteristics of Play
• Selection of Age-appropriate Toys Activities
• Toy Safety

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Development of Language

• Prelinguistic Stage
• Holophrastic Stage
• Telegraphic Stage
• Preschool Period
• Middle Childhood Period

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Continuing Threads

• Nutrition
• Family-Child Interaction/Family Functioning
• Health Eduation