Chapter Two: Theories of Development

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Chapter Two Theories of Development

• Psychoanalytic
• Freud and Erikson
• Behaviorism
• Classical, Operant and Social learning
• Cognitive
• Piaget and Vygotsky

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What Theories Do

• Developmental theoryset of statements and
  generalizations that provides a coherent
  framework for studying development
• form basis for hypotheses that can be tested by
  research studies
• Help predict behavior

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Sigmund Freud
• Interprets human development in terms of motives
  and drives
• Conflict between social and personal needs.
• Fixation and unhealthy development

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Stages of development

• Oral (infants, 0-1)
• Anal (toddlers, 1-3)
• Phallic (early childhood, 3-6)
• Latency (middle childhood, 6-11)
• Genital (adolescence)
• Draw backs of Psychoanalysis

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Eriksons Psychosocial Theory

• Development through interactions with others
• Development across life-span
• Each stage is characterized by a conflict

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Eriksons stages

• Trust vs. mistrust (0-1)
• Autonomy vs. shame (1-3)
• Children develop confidence
• Initiative vs. guilt (3-6)
• Take responsibility to perform

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• industry vs. inferiority (mid childhood)
• competency and mastery of new skills
• identity vs. role diffusion (adol.)
• Who am I?
• intimacy vs. isolation (young adults)

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• Generativity vs. stagnation
• Middle aged contribute to the society
• Integrity vs. despair (old age)
• Whether their lives were worth-while.

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Learning Theory Behaviorism

• All behavior is learnt
• Learning
• modification in behavior through experience
• Conditioning
• Association between a conditioned stimulus and a
  response

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• Classical conditioning-Ivan Pavlov
• process by which a conditioned stimulus (CS)
  become associated with a unconditioned stimulus
  (UCS)
• CS UCS Response
• Operant conditioningB. F. Skinner
• process by which a response is gradually learned
  through reinforcement or punishment
• also called instrumental conditioning

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Social Learning Bandura

• Modeling
• observing behavior of the model and patterning
  their own after it
• likely to occur if model possesses desired
  characteristics
• When the model is rewarded for the behavior
• Bobo doll experiment