EARLY ADULTHOOD:

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Chapter 13

• EARLY ADULTHOOD
• Physical and cognitive development

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Developmental Perspectives
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Developmental Perspectives

• Demographic Aspects of Adulthood
• Baby Boomers 79 million Americans
• Generation X or Twentysomethings
• Different experiences
• Conceptions of Age Periods
• Thirties Best decade
• Only as old as you feel

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Age Norms and the Social Clock

• Aging biological and social change across the
  life span.
• Biological aging the changes in the structure
  and functioning of the human organism over time.

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Social aging

• Changes in an individuals assumption and
  relinquishment of roles over time
• Transition points relinquishing familiar roles
  and assuming new ones.

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Social norms

• Standards of behavior that members of a group
  share and to which they are expected to conform
• Age norms Social norms that define what is
  appropriate for people to be and to do at various
  ages.

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Age grading

• The arranging of people in social layers that are
  based on periods in the life cycle
• Social Clock Internalized concepts that
  regulate our progression through the adult years.

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Age-Grade Systems

• Flexible system in the U.S.
• Life Events
• Turning points at which individuals change
  direction in the course of their lives

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Periods in Adult Development

• Developmental continuity or discontinuity
  approaches

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Physical Changes and Health
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Physical Performance

• Different peaks for different activities
• Shifts in vision

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Physical Health

• 87 of Americans report their health as
  excellent.
• Dieting, Exercise, and Obesity
• Physical Activity and Health Across Cultures

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HIV and AIDS

• Reported Changes in Adult Sexual Behavior over
  the Past Decade
• 30 of those surveyed reported increase in
  protection against AIDS.
• Practicing Safe Sex
• Many people still misinformed.

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Socioeconomic Status, Ethnicity, and Gender

• Higher death rate for poor
• Women have longer life expectancy than men
• Women more likely than men to experience
  depression

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Changes in Drug and Alcohol Use Over Time

• College students and singles more likely to use
  drugs

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Mental Health

• 52 million adults in U.S. suffer from a mental
  disorder.
• 18 million suffer from depression.
• Alcoholism
• Stress 6 in 10 feel great stress once a week.

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Gender Differences in Stress

• Married women admit to feeling more stress than
  men.
• Gender-role perspective for women roles of
  nurturers and caretakers more stress in contrast
  to male roles.
• Stress Reported by Nontraditional versus
  Traditional College Students
• More stress for nontraditional students.

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Stages of Stress Reaction

• 1. Alarm reaction
• 2. Stage of resistance
• 3. Stage of exhaustion
• Perception of situation, social support cushions
  stress.

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Suicide in Young Adulthood

• Rates of young black males committing suicide
  have risen since the late 1980s.

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Sexuality

• Heterosexuality
• By age 22, 90 of young adults have engaged in
  sex with multiple partners.
• Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Attitudes and
  Behaviors
• Rigid gender roles have given way to acceptance
  more similarities than differences in human
  relationships.

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Cognitive Development
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Post-Formal Operations

• Piaget
• Knowledge is not absolute but relativistic
• Accept the contradictions in life and the
  existence of mutually incompatible systems of
  knowledge
• Must find some encompassing whole by which to
  organize their experience

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Thought and Information Processing

• The step-by-step mental operations that we use in
  tackling intellectual tasks.
• Cognitive Development in College Students

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Knefelkamp

• Developmental Instruction Model
• Structure
• Diversity
• Experiential learning
• Personalism

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Moral Reasoning
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Moral Reasoning

• Different approach for men and women
• Gilligan Men and women have different moral
  domains.
• Men right and rules ethic of justice
• Women an obligation to exercise care and avoid
  hurt ethic of care