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Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood

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Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood * So say erroneous, damaging, and yet persistent stereotypes about African Americans and women. – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood


1
Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
2
Physical Development and the Senses
  • Physical development and maturation complete
  • Peak of physical capabilities
  • Brain wave patterns show more mature patterns
  • Senses are peak
  • Most professional athletes at peak during early
    adulthood

443
3
Physical Fitness
  • Superior physical capabilities require exercise
    and diet
  • No more than 10 Americans exercise enough to
    keep themselves in good physical shape
  • Less than 20 participate in moderate exercise on
    regular basis

443
4
Benefits of Exercise
  • Cardiovascular fitness increase
  • Lung capacity increases, raising endurance
  • Stronger muscles and greater flexibility
  • Greater range of movement
  • More elasticity in muscles, tendons, and
    ligaments
  • Reduction in osteoporosis
  • Optimization of immune response
  • Decreased stress level
  • Increased sense of control over their bodies and
    feeling of accomplishment

444
5
One of the Best Pay-Offs Longevity
Greater fitness level lower the death rate
444
6
Health
  • Leading causes of death among young adults (ages
    25-34) are
  • Accidents
  • AIDS
  • Cancer
  • Heart disease
  • Suicide
  • Murder
  • Gender and SES differences

444
7
Secondary Aging
  • Lifestyle decisions, including the useor
    abuseof alcohol, tobacco, or drugs or engaging
    in unprotected sex, can hasten secondary aging
  • This can also increase a young adults risk of
    dying

445
8
Violence and Death Tracking Murder
445
9
Age and Obesity
447
10
Stress and Coping in Early Adulthood
  • STRESS Response to events that threaten or
    challenge an individual
  • Pleasant events and unpleasant events
  • Long-term, continuous exposure may result in a
    reduction of body's ability to deal with stress

449
11
Lazarus and Folkman
  • People move through series of stages that
    determine whether or not they will experience
    stress
  • PRIMARY APPRAISAL
  • SECONDARY APPRAISAL

450
12
Predicting Stressful Event (Shelly Taylor, 1991)
  • Negative emotions are more likely to produce
    stress
  • Uncontrollable or unpredictable situations are
    more likely to produce stress
  • Ambiguous and confusing situations produce more
    stress
  • Simultaneously tasks demands are more likely to
    experience stress

451
13
Consequences of Stress
  • PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS
  • SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
  • COPING

451
14
Styles of Coping
  • Problem-focused coping
  • Emotion-focused coping
  • Social support coping
  • Defense coping involves

452
15
Hardiness, Resilience, and Coping
  • Hardiness is a personality characteristic
    associated with lower rate of stress-related
    illness
  • Resilience is ability to withstand, overcome, and
    actually thrive following profound adversity
  • Optimistic vs. pessimistic explanatory style

453
16
The Informed Consumer of Development
  • Coping with Stress General Guidelines
  • Seek control over the situation producing the
    stress
  • Redefine threat as challenge
  • Find social support
  • Use relaxation techniques

454
17
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
18
Postformal Thought
  • Giesela Labouvie-Vief
  • Adult predicaments are sometimes solved by
    relativistic thinking rather than pure logic
  • Postformal thought acknowledges that world
    sometimes lacks purely right and wrong solutions
    so adults must draw upon prior experiences to
    solve problems

456
19
K. Warner Schaie
  • ACQUISITIVE STAGE
  • ACHIEVING STAGE
  • RESPONSIBLE STAGE
  • EXECUTIVE STAGE
  • REINTEGRATIVE STAGE

457
20
A Closer Look Sternberg
459
21
Creativity Novel Thought in Early Adulthood
  • CREATIVITY
  • Early adulthood
  • Peak of creativity
  • Many of professional problems are novel
  • Willing to take risks
  • Fluid vs. Crystallized
  • intelligence

460
22
Life Events and Cognitive Development
  • Major life events may lead to cognitive growth
  • Think about the world in novel, more complex,
    sophisticated, and often less rigid ways
  • Apply postformal thought (Labouvie-Vief)

462
23
COLLEGE PURSUING HIGHER EDUCATION
24
Higher Education
  • College is period of developmental growth that
    encompasses mastery not just of particular bodies
    of knowledge, but of ways of understanding world.

463
25
College Pursuing Higher Education
  • Nationwide, a minority of high school graduates
    enter college
  • Only about 40 of those who start graduate from
    college in 4 years
  • Influenced by race and gender variables

463
26
Who goes to college?
  • 40 of college students today are 25 years of age
    or older
  • Average age of a community college student is 31
  • College degree is becoming increasingly important
    in obtaining and keeping job
  • Absolute number of minority students enrolled in
    college has increased BUT overall proportion of
    minority population has decreased over past
    decade

464
27
College Student Attendance Trends
464
28
Consequences
  • Proportion of students who enter college but
    ultimately never graduate is substantial!

465
29
Why is there a gender gap in college attendance?
Will it continue?
  • Men have more opportunities to earn money when
    they graduate
  • More women enrolled in college

468
30
The Changing College Student Never Too Late to
Go to College?
  • According to Sherry Willis, adults return to
    college for several reasons
  • To understand their own aging
  • To keep up with rapid technological and cultural
    advances
  • To combat obsolescence on the job
  • To acquire new vocational skills
  • To broaden their intellectual skills

466
31
College Adjustment Reacting to the Demands of
College Life
  • First year adjustment reaction
  • Particularly affects unusually successful
    students in high school
  • Passes for most as friends made and integration
    into college life occurs
  • Serious psychological consequences for few

467
32
The Informed Consumer of Development
  • When Do College Students Need Professional Help
    with Their Problems?
  • Psychological distress that lingers and
    interferes with a persons sense of well-being
    and ability to function
  • Feelings that one is unable to cope effectively
    with the stress
  • Hopeless or depressed feelings
  • Inability to build close relationships with
    others
  • Physical symptoms
  • 1st Floor of the College Center,  near the
    Enrollment Services Office (RVCC)
  •           

33
Depression in College Students
Why people visit a college counseling center
469
34
Stereotype Threat and Disidentification with
School
  • African Americans dont do well in academic
    pursuits.
  • Women lack ability in math and science.

471
35
Steele Research
  • Women and African Americans perform less well in
    college
  • Academic disidentification

472
36
The Great Gender Divide
During 1st year of college, men are more likely
to view themselves as above average in several
academic areas.
470
37
Dropping Out of College
  • Half of all students drop out of college
  • Marriage, children, or death of family member
  • Academic difficulties
  • Financial difficulties
  • Time off to mature

473
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