PALESTINE TO ISRAEL

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PALESTINE TO ISRAEL
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Palestine in History

• Land between the Mediterranean and the Jordan
  River
• Historic homeland of the Hebrews, kingdoms of
  Israel and Judah in 1200 B.C.
• Romans disperse the population. A small Jewish
  community remains.
• Arabs conquer region in 600s.

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Palestine in 1800s

• Not a distinct province of Ottoman empire three
  administrative regions.
• Small population some Jewish, mainly in
  Jerusalem.
• Most inhabitants of the region consider
  themselves simply as Arabs and Muslims.

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ZIONISM

• Jews in nineteenth century Europe
• liberated by Napoleon
• Assimilated in Germany
• Persecuted in Russian Empire
• BACKDROP
• Pogroms in Russia
• Dreyfuss Affair

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Theodore Herzl

• Born in Budapest.
• First Zionist Congress
• Dreyfuss Affair shows him Jews can never be safe
  without their own country.

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Dreyfuss Affair

• A Jewish captain in the French army convicted of
  spying on false information
• New evidence created a crisis in France over
  accusations of anti-Semitism

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Where to locate?

• Potential sites Uganda (offered by British)
• Palestine

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Jerusalem

• Has a Jewish majority by 1900
• Small city, about 60,000 people.

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JEWISH NATIONAL FUND

• Collects funds from Jews worldwide for a Jewish
  homeland in Palestine.
• Starts making purchases early 1900s, mostly along
  Mediterranean coast.

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OTTOMAN LAND LAWS

• In 1858, all land required to be registered by
  owners.
• Lots of fraud, other problems
• Peasants avoided registering to avoid taxes,
  other reasons
• Many parcels of land in title of large landowners
  who didnt live there.
• Zionists buy up waste lands (swamps) as well as
  parcels from large landowners.
• Peasants are often evicted by former landowners,
  become bitter.

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KIBBUTZIM

• First one started in 1909.
• Jewish communal settlements clustered together
  mainly for self-defense.
• Socialist-style living. Shared tasks, everyone
  defends it.

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JEWISH SUCCESS

• Jewish agricultural settlements are hugely
  successful.
• But they only use Jewish labor.
• Jewish immigration increases throughout 1920s.
• Accelerates after Hitler comes to power.
• Arabs from region also drawn to Palestine because
  of thriving economy. The two communities are
  virtually equal in size.

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BRITISH MANDATE

• British awarded mandate, or temporary control,
  over Palestine by League of Nations after World
  War I.

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ARAB RESISTANCE

• Minor clashes as early as 1908.
• Arab leaders denounce Jewish settlers as
  colonists and warn of Jewish intentions to take
  over all of Palestine and push them out.
• Arab riots in 1929.
• Arab Revolt, 1936-39.
• Some Palestinians later join the Nazis.

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BRITISH RESPONSE

• Restrictions on immigration and on land sales to
  Jews.
• Peel Commission (1937) recommendation of a future
  partition.
• Later rejected in McDonald White Paper (1940)
  after Arab objections.

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AFTER THE HOLOCAUST

• British continue to restrict Jewish immigration
  to appease Arabs.
• Turn back ships carrying Holocaust survivors.

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JEWISH EXTREMISTS

• Take on British
• Haganah (militia), Irgun, Stern Gang
• Irgun blows up King David Hotel in Jerusalem,
  full of British soldiers.

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KING DAVID HOTEL BOMBING
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BRITISH MANDATE ENDS

• PROBLEM TURNED OVER TO UNITED NATIONS.

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U.N. Votes for Partition

• General Assembly Resolution 181
• (Nov. 29, 1947)
• Partition of Palestine (British mandate)
• Jewish state
• Arab state

• VOTE
• 33 votes in favor
• 13 against
• 10 abstentions
• 1 absent

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U.N. PARTITION PLAN
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State of Israel Established

• May 14, 1948
• in Tel Aviv
• (5th of Iyar, 5708)

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ISRAEL ATTACKED

• May, 1948, by
• Egypt
• Transjordan
• (Jordan 1949)
• Syria
• Lebanon
• Iraq
• Palestinians

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PALESTINIANS

• Approximately 800,000 Palestinian Arabs flee to
  neighboring countries
• Jordans population becomes half-Palestinian.
• Many locate in refugee camps, remain there for
  generations, train to attack Israel.
• Rely on other Arab countries, esp. Egypt, to
  defeat Israel and help them regain their homes.
• Other Arabs remain in Israel.

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The Cases

• Many Palestinian Arabs simply fled
• Many Arabs have refused to recognize Israels
  right to exist.
• Ongoing problems with terrorism, suicide bombing,
  attacks on Israeli civilians.
• The situation has de-stabilized countries
  throughout the Middle East.

• Some were forced from their homes
• Israel is a Jewish state Arabs are considered
  second-class citizens and distrusted.
• Some Jewish extremists want to extend Israels
  boundaries to include the West Bank and Gaza.