sa st a - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Title: sa st a


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??S?GOG? S??? ??????G??

• ?st???a t?? ????????a?

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S?µa?t???? ?µe??µ???e? ?a? ???s?pa st?? ?st???a
t?? ????????a?

• 320 p.?.
• 350 p.?
• 400 µ.?.-
• 1500 µ.?.
• 1650 µ.?.
• 1651 µ.?.

• ? ???t?? p????e? t?? ?????a t?? ?µf?t?? ?de?? ?a?
  p??te??e? t?? e?d?s??p?s?, ?? µ???d? ap??t?s??
  ???s??.
• ? ???st?t???? ß??e? t?? ß?se?? t?? s?st?µat????
  ?a? a?t??e?µe????? pa?at???s?? t?? s?µpe??f????
  ?a? p??te??e? t?e?? a???? p?? d??p??? t? s??e??µ?
  t?? ?de??.
• ?a ???t??? fa???µe?a s??d???ta? µe t?? ???? ?
  ?p??a ?e??e?ta? ?? ????, a?e???t?t? ?a? a????a
  (?????st????, T?µ?? ??????t??, ??p).
• ? René Descartes d?at?p??e? t? ?e???a t?? d??sµ??
  s?µat?? ?????. ???pe? t? s?µa ?? µ?a µ??a?? ?
  ?p??a ?µ?? e?e???p??e?ta? ap? ta p?e?µata t??
  ????? p?? ed?????ta? st?? ep?f?s?.
• ? Thomas Hobbes a??e?ta? t?? ?pa??? t?? ????? p??
  de? ßas??eta? st?? ???.

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???t?? (427-347 ?.?.)

• ? ???t?? ?e????se ?t? ? ??sµ?? t?? ?de?? p??
  ap?te?e? t?? a?????? ???s?, ap??t?ta? µ??? µ?s?
  t?? ??? (????st???) ?a? ??? µ?s? t??
  a?s??se??.?a?? µe t?? ???st?t??? ß????? t??
  ß?se?? t?? f???s?f???? p??s????s?? t??
  ??????????? fa???µ????

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? µ??a??sµ?? t?? a?ta?a??ast???? t???? s?µf??a µe
t?? Descartes

• ? Descartes ef???e t?? ?????????? ?e???a t??
  ??ta?a??ast???? t????. S?µf??a µe a?t? t? e?d???
  t?? t???? ?p?? fa??eta? st?? e????a 1 µetaf??eta?
  µ?s? t?? a?s??t????? ??????? ?a? t?? ?pt????
  ?e???? st?? e???fa??. ??e? t? a?test?aµµ???
  e?d??? epa?ast??feta? µ?sa st? ?pt??? ??asµa ?a?
  µet? µetaf??eta? st?? ep?f?s?. ?? ?e????e? t??
  ????t???? s?st?µat?? d????ta? "p?e?µata" ap? t??
  ep?f?s? ? ??tas? t?? ?p???? e?a?t?ta? ap? t??
  ??tas? t?? ?pt???? e?e??sµat??. ? Descartes
  ?e????se p?? ? µ??a??sµ?? e?e???p???s?? t??
  ?e?????? µ?s? t?? "p?e?µ?t??" ?ta? a?e?????ast??.

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S?µa?t???? ?µe??µ???e? ?a? ???s?pa st?? ?st???a
t?? ????????a?
? John Locke p??te??e? ?t? t? a????p??? µ?a??
e??a? ??a? ?e???? ???t?? ?at? t? ?????s? ?a?
?t? ??? ? ???s? p??s?aµß??eta? µ?s? t??
a?s??se??. O Charles Darwin d?µ?s?e?e? t?
ß?ß??? t?? Origin of Species, st? ?p???
pe?????feta? ? ?e???a t?? e??????? µ?s? t??
µ??a??sµ?? t?? f?s???? ep??????. ? ?e???a a?t?
e??e ?a? s??e???e? ?a ??e? µ?a µe???? ep?d?as?
st? d?aµ??f?s? ?e????? ??a ta ??????????
fa???µe?a. ? Wilhem Wund ?d??e? t? p??t?
?????????? ???ast???? st? ?a?ep?st?µ?? t??
?e???a?, st? Ge?µa??a. ? Hermann Ebbinghaus
a????e? t?? p??te? s?st?µat???? pe??aµat????
µe??te? t?? µ??µ??, a??????ta? ap? t?? ea?t? t???
?? ?p??e?µe?? µe??t??. ? William James
pe?????fe? t?? ß?se?? t?? ?e?t?????sµ?? st?
ß?ß??? t?? Principles of Psychology st?? ???.

• 1690 µ.?.
• 1859 µ.?.
• 1885 
• 1890

6
Wilhem Wundt (1832-1920)

• ? Wilhelm Wundt (st? ???t??) ?a? ?? s??e???te?
  t?? st? e??ast????.

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William James (1842-1910)

• ? William James, ?d??t?? t?? ?e?t?????sµ??.

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S?µa?t???? Te???t???? S????? st?? ????????a

• Wilhelm Wundt
•  
• William James
•  
• Max Wertheimer
• Kurt Köfka
• Wolfgang Kohler
•  
• Sigmud Freud
•  
• John Watson
• Burrhus F. Skinner
•  
• George Miller
• Gerome Bruner
• Alan Newell
• Herb Simon
• Noam Chomsky

• 1832 - 1920
•  
• 1842 - 1910
•  
• 1880 - 1943
• 1886 - 1941
• 1897 - 1967
•  
• 1856 - 1939
•  
• 1878 - 1958
• 1904 - 1990
•  
•  1956 ?a? µet?

• ??µ?sµ??
•  
• ?e?t?????sµ??
•  
• ???f??????? ????????a
•  
•  
• ???a????s?
•  
• S?µpe??f???sµ??
•  
•  
• G??st??? ????????a /
• G??s?a?? ?p?st?µ?

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??s? p??ß??µ?t?? sta p?a?s?a t?? µ??f????????
????????a?

• S' a?t? t?? e????a ape????????ta? t??a
  e?t?p?s?a?? pa?ade??µata ep???s?? p??ß??µ?t?? ap?
  ??µpat??de?. St?? e????a (?) t? ??? ste???se ??a
  ???t??? ????? de?ap??te p?d??? st? ?daf??,
  s?a?f???se st?? ????f? ?a? ?at?ß??e ??t? af??
  ??pa?e t? f???t?. St?? e????a (?) st??ßa?e d??
  ???t?? ap? d?af??et???? pe?????? t?? ?????,
  s?a?f???se st?? ????f? ?a? ???s?µ?p???se ??a
  ???t??? ??a ?a ???e? ??t? t? f???t?. St?? e????a
  (G) ? ??µpat??? st??ßa?e t??a ???t?? ?a?
  s?a?f???se ??a ?a ft?se? t? f???t?.

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S?µa?t???? ?µe??µ???e? ?a? ???s?pa st?? ?st???a
t?? ????????a?

• ? Edward Thorndike pa???s???e? ta p??ta pe???µata
  s?et??? µe t? µ???s? sta ??a ?a? d?at?p??e? t?
  ??µ? t?? ap?te??sµat??.
• ? Sigmund Freud e?d?de? t? ß?ß??? t?? "The
  Interpretation of Dreams" ?a? pa???s???e? t??
  ?d?e? t?? s?et??? µe t?? ???a????s?.
• ? Alfred Binet ?a? ? Theodore Simon
  ?atas?e?????? t?? p??te? d???µas?e?
  ???µ?s????.? ?van Pavlov d?µ?s?e?e? ta p??ta
  ap?te??sµata t?? µe?et?? t?? s?et??? µe t??
  e?a?t?µ??? µ???s? (??as??? e???t?s?).
• O Max Wertheimer e?s??e? t? µ??f???????
  ????????a (Gestalt psychologer).
• O Karl Lashley d?µ?s?e?e? t? ß?ß??? "Brain
  Mechanisms and Intelligence".

• 1898
• 1900
• 1905
• 1906
• 1912
• 1929

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Sigmud Freud
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S?µa?t???? ?µe??µ???e? ?a? ???s?pa st?? ?st???a
t?? ????????a?

• 1938
• 1949
• 1954

• O B.F. Skinner d?µ?s?e?e? t? ß?ß??? t?? "Operant
  Conditioning", st? ?p??? pa???s???e? t?? ??e??e?
  t?? s?et??? µe t? ?e?t??????? e???t?s?.
• ? Donald Hebb st? ß?ß??? t?? "Organization of
  Behaviour" pa???s???e? µ?a ?e???a, ? ?p??a
  ??e??e? t? ??sµa a??µesa st? ?e???f?s??????a ?a?
  t?? ????????a.
• ? ??ßet?? ????????? Jean Piaget d?µ?s?e?e? t?
  ß?ß??? t?? "The Construction of Reality in the
  Child" ß????ta? ?ts? t?? ß?se?? t?? µe??t?? t??
  ???st???? a??pt????.

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S?µa?t???? ?µe??µ???e? ?a? ???s?pa st?? ?st???a
t?? ????????a?

• 1957
• 1958
• 1979

• ? Noam Chomsky d?µ?s?e?e? t? ???ss??????? t??
  ?e???a st? ß?ß??? "Syntectic Structures",
  a??????ta? µ?a epa??stas? st? p??s????s? ?a?
  µe??t? t?? ???ssa? ?a? t?? ???????ss?????a?.
• ? Herbert Simon d?µ?s?e?e? t? ß?ß??? "Elements of
  a Theory of Human Problem Solving" ?a? ß??e? t??
  ß?se?? ??a t?? a??pt??? t?? G??s?a??? ?p?st?µ??
  ?a? ?e???t?? ???µ?s????.
• ?? pe???d??? Cognitive Science ?a? ? ?ta???a
  Cognitive Science ?d????ta?, ?a? p????e?ta? ?
  ??e??a s?et??? µe t?? a?apa?astas?a??? ?a?
  ?p?????st???? ??a??t?te? t?? a????p???? ???.

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???a????s?

• ? ???a????s? ????se ed? st? ??afe?? t?? Sigmund
  Freud. G?a ?a ß????se? t??? as?e?e?? t?? ?a
  ??eµ?s???, ? Freud t??? ??p???e se a?t? t??
  ?a?ap? ?a? µ????sa? ??a t?? ea?t? t??? ?a? ta
  s??a?s??µat? t??? e?? e?e???? ?a??ta? se ??p???
  s?µe?? t?? d?µat??? ?ts? ?ste ?a µ?? t?? ß??p???

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John Watson (1878-1958)

• ? Watson, ? ?d??t?? t?? µp??eß????sµ??.

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B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)

• O Skinner ?atas?e???e? t? µ??t??? e??? ???t???
  t?? Skinner.