Ambient Air Quality in Karachi

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Ambient Air Quality in Karachi

• SUPARCO

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1. Baseline (Ambient Air Quality) Study of
Major Six Cities of Pakistan- ENERCON/UNDP 2.
Feasibility Study Development of Transportation
Control Plan - City District Government Karachi
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• OBJECTIVES
• To establish concentration levels of
  ambient airborne pollutants in six major cities
  with temporal and spatial distribution along
  with traffic count and meteorological data
• To investigate the ambient airborne
  pollution levels of suspended particulate matter
  (SPM/ PM10), CO, NOx, SO2, CO2, O3, Pb, HC
  (methane and non-methane), and noise levels

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OBJECTIVES

• Assess the impact of pollution generated by
  operation of vehicular traffic and
• Propose remedial measures and course of action to
  control pollution

SCOPE OF STUDY

• Identification of Transport Sector Issues and
  Creation of Vehicular corridor Data

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Identification of Issues and Creation of Baseline

•  To determine impact of transport sector on
• ? Physical Environment
•          ? Living Environment
•          ? Social Environment
• To Propose Remedial Measures to Control Pollution
• Preparation of a feasibility study to develop a
  transport control plan dealing with issues
  related to fuel, vehicles operators for a
  cleaner environment

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MAJOR TASKS OF STUDY

1. Establish baseline on quality of air, water,
   soil, groundwater at different locations in the
   city, particularly traffic congestion points
2. Record the level of major air pollutants viz CO
   and NOx and the Ievel of noise pollution at
   different locations
3. Estimate the approximate contribution of faulty
   vehicles to the problem of air and noise
   pollution
4. Identify areas whose residents are vulnerable to
   ailments related to air pollution and noise
   pollution
5. Health impact assessment of persons resident /
   making a living in the neighborhood of traffic
   congestion points
6. Assess the impact of the use of different fuels
   on the operation of vehicular traffic and on the
   environment
7. Establish the need to change the fuel and to
   improve its quality a impact that the change and
   improvement will bring about

Contd . . . .
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Contd . . . .
MAJOR TASKS OF STUDY

1. Assess the impact of pollution generated by
   operation of vehicular physical environment
2. Assess the impact of operation of vehicular
   traffic on cultural practices and to identify the
   deficiencies, if any
3. Estimate the losses due to degradation of the
   environment resulting from the impact identified
   by different components
4. Conduct a study that would propose remedial
   measures and course action to control pollution
5. Determination of the quality and quantity of fuel
   being offered by the refineries and the petroleum
   dealers and identifying the practices involved in
   degrading the quality and reducing the quantity
6. Identification of the need to improve vehicle
   technology in response to requirements of
   Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 for
   vehicular emissions control
7. Devising a mechanism to provide the appropriate
   infrastructure to monitor performance of vehicles
   and repair and maintenance as well as the
   inspection systems besides that of the Traffic
   Police in management traffic

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Map of Karachi Showing Sampling Locations
ARI QUALITY IN KARACHI
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Task 1

1. Air Pollution Monitoring (CO,CO2, SO2, NOx),
   Noise Level Measurement and Traffic count at 26
   locations
2. Ground Waste Water Sampling Analysis for Oil
   Grease, Soil Sampling Analysis for
   Hydrocarbon, Lead, Cadmium Asbestos at 26
   Location

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Parameters monitored at each site in Six Major
Cities
Criteria pollutants Other ambient pollutants Meteorological parameters Traffic count
TSP (Total Suspended Particulates) Non-Methane hydrocarbons Ambient air temperature Diesel vehicles Coaster, Wagons, Buses, Pickups, Jeeps, Pajeeros, Loader Pickups, Tractors, Trucks
PM10 (Particulate Matter lt10u) Methane hydrocarbons Wind speed Petrol vehicles M/Cycles, Rickshaws, Cars, Taxis
NOx CO2 Wind direction
SO2 Noise Level Humidity
O3
CO
Lead
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METHODOLOGY

Pollutants Methods Instruments/ Analyzer
NOx as NO2 40 CFR Method in Appendix F of Part 50 NOx Analyzer, Chemiluminescence)
SO2 40 CFR Method in Appendix A Part50 SO2 Analyzer (Fluorescence)
O3 40 CFR Method in Appendix D of Part 50 Ozone Analyzer
CO Method in Appendix C of 40 CFR Part 50 CO Analyzer
CO2 40 CFR Appendix C of 40 CFR Part 50 CO2 Analyzer
TSP 40 CFR Method in Appendix B of Part 50 High Volume Sampler
PM10 40 CFR Appendix J of Part 50 PM10 High Volume Sampler
Lead 40 CFR Appendix G of Part 50 Using Graphite Furnace of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
Hydrocarbons (Methane Non-methane) Method 18 Part 53 of 40 CFR ?? FID Hydrocarbon Analyzer
Noise Level 40 CFR Part 201 Sound Level Meter
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Calibration of Equipment
Analyzer Calibration Method Frequency
CO (IR Gas Filter Correlation) CO Concentration Standard Use of SRM (Zero SPAN) Once per Month or Before Monitoring at a Site
NOx (Chemiluminescence) Dilution Gas Method -do-
High volume Sampler, PM10 Fix Orifice Calibrator Before Monitoring at a Site
SO2 (UV Fluorescence) Gas Dilution Method (Permeation Device) Once per Month or Before Monitoring at a Site
O3 (UV Photometry) Using Zero Air and Ozone Generator -do-
CO2 (IR Gas Filter Correlation) CO2 Concentration Standard Use of SRM (Zero SPAN) -do-
Hydrocarbons (HC 500-2E) (FID) Gas Dilution Method (Methane) -do-
Lead Reference SRM From USEPA Every Batch
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Air Quality Monitoring Mobile Lab
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Inner View of Mobile Lab.
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SPM PM2.5 SAMPLERS
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Automatic high-speed computer controlled digital
camera for recording the traffic count is
available onboard the mobile labs.
Traffic Counting with classification of vehicles
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Air Quality Study
PARAMETERS MONITORED AT EACH SITE
Collected ambient air quality data in six (6)
cities of the country through appropriate
monitoring techniques. Number of sites monitored
in each city are shown below. Monitoring was
carried out continuously for 48 hrs at a site
repeated during the 4 cycles (1-year). Data so
collected has been statistically analyzed
MONITORING SITES
Cities No. of Points/Sites
Karachi 10
Lahore 7
Islamabad 3
Rawalpindi 5
Peshawar 5
Quetta 3
Total 33
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SITE SELECTION CRITERIA

• Number of sites were selected for the study by
  the following criteria
• Sites having least and maximum concentrations of
  pollutants 
• Sites representative of Industrial, Commercial
  Residential Areas 
• Meteorological conditions and vehicular traffic
  density. 

• Area to be covered 
• Spatial variability of pollutants.
• Data use/objectives 

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Ambient Air Quality Standards
Pollutants USEPA USEPA WHO (2005) WHO (2005)
Pollutants Averaging Time Standard Averaging Time Guideline Values
SO2 24 HRS ANNUAL MEAN 365µg/m3 (140 ppb) 80µg/m3 (30 ppb) 24 HRS ANNUAL MEAN 10 MIN 125 µg/m3 (48 ppb) 50µg/m3 (20 ppb) 500µg/m3 (190 ppb)
CO 8 HRS 1 HR 10 mg/m3 (9 ppm) 40 mg/m3 (35 ppm) 8 HRS 1 HR 10mg/m3 (9 ppm) 30 mg/m3 (25 ppm)
NOx ANNUAL MEAN 100µg/m3 (50 ppb) ANNUAL MEAN 1 HR 40 µg/m3 (20 ppb) 200µg/m3 (105 ppb)
O3 1 HR 8 HRs 235µg/m3 (120 ppb) 160µg/m3 (80 ppb) 8 HRS 100µg/m3 (50 ppb)
PM10 24 HRS Annual Mean 150µg/m3 50µg/m3 ANNUAL MEAN 24 HRs 20 µg/m3 50 µg/m3
TSP 24-HRS 260 mg/m3 24-HRS 150-230 mg/m3
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AMBIENT AIR AND VEHICULAR CORRIDOR TSP LEVELS
TSP level on Vehicular Corridor( 2005 CDGK Study)
TSP level In Ambient air (2003-2004)
US EPA Permissible Limit for TSP is 260 ug/m3
(24 Hrs)
US EPA Permissible Limit for TSP is 260 ug/m3
(24 Hrs)
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AMBIENT AIR AND VEHICULAR CORRIDOR PM10 LEVELS
TSP level on Vehicular Corridor ( 2005 CDGK Study)
PM10 level In Ambient air (2003-2004)
US EPA Permissible Limit for PM10 is 150 ug/m3
(24 Hrs basis)
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CO LEVELS IN AMBIENT AIR
US EPA Limit of CO (8hr.) is 10 ppm
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SO2 LEVELS IN AMBIENT AIR
USEPA Permissible Limit (24h) for SO2 is 140 ppb
(365mg/m3)
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NOx LEVELS IN AMBIENT AIR ON VEHICULAR CORRIDORS
USEPA Permissible Limit for NOx is 53 ppb
(Annual Mean)
NOx level In Ambient air (2003-04)
NOx level on Vehicular Corridor ( 2005 CDGK Study)
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O3 LEVELS AMBIENT AIR
USEPA Permissible Limit for O3 is 80 ppb(8 hrs)
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Site wise Comparison of HC-Methane at Karachi
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Site wise Comparison of HC-Non Methane at Karachi
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Site wise Comparison of Lead at Karachi
USEPA Quarterly Avg. standard limit for lead is
1.5 ug/m3
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Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of TSP in Six Major
Cities
US EPA Permissible Limit for TSP is 260 ug/m3
(24 Hrs)
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Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of PM10 in six Major
Cities
US EPA Permissible Limit for PM10 is 150 ug/m3
(24 Hrs basis)
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Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of NOx as NO2 in six
Major Cities
USEPA Permissible Limit for NOx is 53 ppb
(Annual Mean)
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Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of SO2 in six Major
Cities
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Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of CO in six Major
Cities
US EPA Limit of CO (8hr.) is 10 ppm
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Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of Ozone in six
Major Cities
USEPA Permissible Limit for O3 is 80 ppb(8 hrs)
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Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of HC-Methane in six
Major Cities
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Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of HC-Non Methane in
six Major Cities
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Corridors based on Traffic Flow
Corridor 1. Merewether Tower ? Mawlvi Musafir
Khana ? Tibbet Center ? M.A. Jinnah Road/Garden
Road Intersection ? Old Numaish ? Guru Mandir ?
Tin Hatti ? Liaqatabad 10 ? Karimabad ? Sohrab
Goth ? Super Highway Corridor 2. Merewether Tower
? Burns Road ? Garden Road/Preedy Street
Intersection ? Empress Market ? Finance Trade
Center ? Sharae Faisal ? Drigh Road ? Malir ?
Landhi ? National Highway Corridor 3. Merewether
Tower ? Ziauddin Road and Chundrigar Road
Intersection ? Metropole Hotel ? Finance Trade
Center ? Sharae faisal ? Drigh Road ? Gulshan
Chowrangi ? Sohrab Goth Corridor 4. Merewether
Tower ? Teen Talwar ? Sunset Boulevard ?
Korangi/Baloch Colony Intersection ? Darul Uloom
Road Korangi Industrial Area ? Landhi Industrial
Area ? Port Qasim ? Steel Mills ? National
Highway ? Toll Plaza (Malir River Crossing) ?
Super Highway Corridor 5. Merewether Tower ?
Karachi Port Trust ? Mauripur Road ? Gul Bai
Intersection ? Ghani Chowrangi ? Nazimabad ?
North Nazimabad ? Sohrab Goth
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Corridors for Pollution Modeling
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RESULTS SUMMARY

1. Pollutants levels were highest in summer and
   lowest in monsoon.
2. TSP and PM10 exceeded at all sites and lowest in
   Karachi.
3. NOx, SO2, O3 and CO within USEPA limit at all
   sites.
4. Lead also exceeded at all sites.

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Recommendations

1. Air pollution data collection must be on
   continuous basis for Major cities using fixed and
   mobile laboratory.
2. Development of Pakistan national ambient air
   quality standards should be initiated.
3. Strict Implementation of already existing laws.
4. Improvement of fuel quality.
5. Make effective motor vehicles testing, inspection
   and maintenance.

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Recommendations (cont..)

• Encourage environment friendly practices like
  conversion of automobiles to CNG fuel with use of
  catalytic converter, Development of public
  transport infrastructure.
• Promote public awareness/training in schools and
  different community organizations.

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Efficient mass transit system
Vehicular Air Pollution in Karachi, high
pollutants levels affect the human health,
deteriorate the physical environment. Transport
Mismanagement verse the existing situation.
Efficient Mass Transport system may be the good
solution for better environment.
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Conclusion Based On Baseline Study
Transportation as Major Contributor to Air
Pollution

• 2-storke engine on rickshaws and motor cycles are
  major polluters of air on the five corridors.
• 2-storke engines as well as defective or untuned
  vehicles are major polluters with CO emissions.
• 2-storke engines as well as defective vehicles
  using sub standard lubricants are major emitters
  of SO2 and smoke
• Vehicles operating on CNG LPG are major
  polluters with NOx

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Conclusion Based On Baseline Study (cont..)

• Other sources contributing to air pollution
  levels are Industrial emissions, Brick Kiln,
  Landfills, Biomass Degradation, Solid Waste open
  burning, cement industries.
• Similarly paper and pulp industry is a source of
  gaseous pollutants like SO2, CO, and CO2.
• Steel industry is associated with metallic
  pollutants as well as NOx, SOx CO, CO2.
• The industrial processes brick kilns external
  combustion boilers and portable diesel
  generators also share the major contribution of
  PM10, PM2.5, SO2 etc.
• All these industries are introducing a number of
  metallic and non metallic pollutants to
  surrounding environment and adversely affecting
  the air quality to an alarming level.