ANIMAL%20HUSBANDRY%20PROJECT%20EuropeAid/125672/C/SER/CY

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ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PROJECTEuropeAid/125672/C/SER/CY

• Animal Healthand Infectious Diseases
• Prevention
• MVDr. J. Holejšovský Ph.D.
• Czech University of Life Sciences Prague
• Institut Tropics and Subtropics
• Lefcosa/Nicosia June
  2009

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• PART TWO
• D
• DANGEROUS INFECTIOUS
• ANIMAL DISEASES
• ZOONOSIS

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ZOONOSIS
Whats Zoonosis ? Zoonosis is an infection or
infestation shared in nature by humans and
animals. Zoonoses- transmission of the
infectious agent to humans from an ongoing
reservoir life cycle in animals, without the
permanent establishment of a new life cycle in
humans. Animals raised on farms that are well
managed (good housing, hygienic conditions , and
balanced diet) on most occasions are free of
zoonotic diseases that occur naturally in animals
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ZOONOSIS
Zoonotic agents (bacteria,
viruses, and parasites)

• Zoonotic agents prevalent in few animal
  operations (lt 5)
• Leptospira
• Coxiella brunetii

• Zoonotic agents prevalent in many animal
  operations (1-50)
• Salmonella
• Campylobacter
• Listeria monocytogenes
• Clostridial spp.
• Path. Escherichia coli
• Cryptospordia

• Zoonotic agents ALMOST non existent in animal
  operations
• Brucella spp.
• Tuberculosis

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Waterborne Zoonoses Pathogens

• Cryptosporidium
• Giardia
• E. Coli 0157H7
• Salmonella
• Leptospiria
• Toxoplasma
• Campylobacter
• Entamoeba
• Ascarsis
• Viruses and Prions? SARS?

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Most Common Foodborne Pathogens

• Campylobacter
• Salmonella
• E. coli 0157H7
• Yersinia
• Listeria
• Cryptosporidium
• Cyclospora
• Norwalk-like viruses

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How do human beings become infected ?
Bhushan Jayarao Extension Veterinarian Department
of Veterinary Science Pennsylvania State
University, University Park
Direct Contact
Indirect Contact
feces urine blood saliva
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Horses, asses, zebras (Equidae)

• Actinobacillus spp.
• Anthrax
• Brucellosis
• Cryptosporidiosis
• Equine morbillivirus
• Glanders
• Leptospirosis
• Rabies
• Salmonellosis
• Yersiniosis

Bhushan Jayarao Extension Veterinarian Department
of Veterinary Science Pennsylvania State
University, University Park
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Cats

• Dipylidium caninum
• Leptospirosis
• Neisseria canis
• Pasteurella multocida
• Plague
• Poxvirus
• Q-fever
• Rabies
• Rickettsia felis
• Salmonellosis
• Scabies
• Sporothrix schenckii
• Trichinosis
• Toxoplasmosis
• Visceral larva migrans
• Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

• Afipia felis
• Anthrax
• Bartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae
• Bergeyella zoohelcum
• Brucella suis
• Campylobacteriosis
• Capnocytophaga canimorsus
• CDC group NO-1
• Chlamydia psittaci (feline strain)
• Cowpox
• Cutaneous larva migrans
• Dermatophytosis

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Sheep and Goats

• Actinobacillus spp.
• Anthrax
• Brucellosis
• Campylobacteriosis
• Chlamydia trachomatis (ovine)
• Cryptosporidiosis
• European tick-borne encephalitis
• Francisella tularensis
• Giardiasis

• Leptospirosis
• Louping ill
• Orf
• Q-fever
• Rabies
• Salmonellosis
• Yersinia enterocolitica

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Dairy Cattle

• Foot and mouth disease
• Giardiasis
• Leptospirosis
• Mycobacterium bovis
• Pseudocowpox
• Q-fever
• Rabies
• Salmonellosis
• Strep. zooepidemicus
• Taenia saginata
• Yersinia enterocolitica

• Actinomyces pyogenes
• Anthrax
• Brucellosis
• Campylobacteriosis
• Cowpox
• Cryptosporidiosis
• E. coli O157H7
• European tick-borne encephalitis

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Swine

• Anthrax
• Ascaris suum
• Botulism
• Brucella suis
• Cryptosporidiosis
• Entamoeba polecki
• Erysip. rhusiopathiae
• Flavobacterium Influenza
• Leptospirosis
• Pasteurella aerogenes
• Pasteurella multocida
• Pigbel
• Rabies

• Salmonella cholerae-suis
• Salmonellosis
• Sarcosporidiosis
• Scabies
• Strep.dysgalactiae (group L)
• Streptococcus milleri
• Strep. suis type 2 (group R)
• Swine vesicular disease
• Taenia solium
• Trichinella spiralis
• Yersinia enterocolitica
• Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

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Diseases Acquired From Rabbits and Hares

• Brucella suis biotype 2
• Cheyletiella infestation
• Francisella tularensis
• Plague
• Q-fever
• Trichophyton mentagrophytes

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Anthrax The Agent

• Bacillus anthracis Gram positive spore-forming
  bacteria
• Forms spores
• Human disease
• Skin
• Intestinal
• Pulmonary
• Animal disease
• Septicemia and rapid death

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Tularemia The Agent

• Francisella tularensis
• Transmitted by ingestion, inhalation, vectors,
  direct contact through skin
• Six clinical forms in humans

Ulceroglandular
Glandular
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Tularemia The Agent

• Sheep, young pigs, horses, dogs, cats
• Sudden fever, lethargy, stiffness, prostration,
  and death
• Wildlife
• Usually find dead
• Rabbits behave strangely
• Cattle, older pigs resistant

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Brucellosis The Agent

• Gram-negative bacteria
• Ingestion, inhalation, or direct contact
• Clinical signs
• Humans cyclic fever and
• flu-like symptoms
• Animals reproductive signs

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Brucellosis The Agent
Species Natural Host Human Pathogen
B. abortus Cattle, bison, elk, horses Yes
B.melitensis Goats, sheep, cattle Yes
B. suis Swine, hares, reindeer, caribou, rodents Yes
B. canis Dogs, other canids Yes
B. ovis Sheep No
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Glanders The Agent

• Burkholderia mallei Gram-negative
• Transmission by ingestion,
  inhalation, or direct contact
• Animal-to-human transmission is
  inefficient
• Clinical signs
• Humans horses cutaneous pulmonary lesions,
  rapidly fatal illness

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Rabies

• Common Carriers
• Cats
• Dogs
• Raccoons
• Skunks
• Bats
• Foxes

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Rabies

• Transmission
• Animal Bite
• Contact with infected tissue, fluids or feces

• Clinical presentation
• Fever
• Headache
• Agitation
• Confusion
• Seizures
• Excessive salivation

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Psittacosis

• Common Carriers
• Pigeons
• Parrots
• Turkeys
• Parakeets

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Psittacosis

• Transmission
• Inhalation from infected birds
• Carcasses
• Secretions
• Contaminated facilities

• Clinical presentation
• Fever
• Headache
• Pneumonia

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Toxoplasmosis

• Common carriers
• Cats
• Sheep

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Toxoplasmosis

• Transmission
• Ingestion of infected meats
• Fecal contaminated soil

• Clinical Presentation
• Fever
• Swollen nodes
• Abortion
• Still-birth
• Mental retardation

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Scabies

• Common Carriers
• Dogs
• Raccoons

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Scabies

• Transmission
• Direct contact with infected animals

• Clinical presentation
• Itching skin lesions

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Brucella sp.

• Primarily affects people who work with animals or
  animal products (slaughterhouse workers,
  veterinarians, farmers, dairy workers)
• Four different species of Brucella are known to
  infect humans

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Brucella reservoir
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Morphology physiology

• Fastidious aerobic
• Facultative intracellular

• Gram negative
• non motile cocobacilli

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Brucellosis in animals

• Transmitted by contact with infected tissue or
  milk (oral, aerosol or abrasion)
• Predilection for erythritol rich organs (breast,
  uterus, epididymis, ect.)
• Abortions, mastitis and sterility

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Brucellosis in humans

• Skin abrasion, conjunctivae, inhalation or
  ingestion
• Engulfed by neutrophils and monocytes (resistant
  to killing)
• Localize regional lymph nodes
• Infect phagocytic cells in the RE system and form
  granulomas

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Symptoms

• Aches, chills, fever (undulating)
• Drenching sweating
• Fatigue, myalgia, muscle weakness
• Relapse common

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Diagnosis

• Symptoms and history
• Blood culture on enriched media (slow 4-6 weeks)
• Organisms grow very slowly (6 weeks)
• Serology (titer gt640)
• Skin test with brucellergin - delayed-type

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Treatment

• Prolonged use (several months) of rifampin with
  tetracycline
• or streptomycin

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Escherichia coli O157H7

• Bacteria Facultative anaerobic, motile
• or nonmotile GNR
• Source Intestines of animals and poultry
• Illness Hemorrhagic colitis (HC), hemolytic
• uremic syndrome (HUS), thrombotic
• thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
• Symptoms (HC) diarrhea vomiting, HUS)
• diarrhea acute renal failure, TTP) diarrhea,
  
• GI hemorrhage, blood clots in brain

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Escherichia coli O157H7

• Foods Meat, poultry, potatoes, raw milk
• Transmission Cross-contamination, sewage
  pollution of coastal waters
• Control Proper cooking, temperature control,
  preventing cross-contamination, proper personal
  hygiene

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Salmonella spp.

• Bacteria Facultative anaerobic, motile, GNR
• Source Intestine of mammals, birds, amphibians
  and reptiles
• Illness Infection (gastroenteritis)
• Symptoms Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps,
  fever

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Salmonella spp.
Foods Poultry, poultry salads, meats, dairy
products, egg products Transmission
Cross-contamination, human contamination, sewage
pollution of coastal waters Control Proper
cooking, temperature, preventing
cross-contamination, personal hygiene
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How does Salmonella gain access to a farm ?
Most important sources of infection
Replacement calves
trucks heifer/ cows
birds /pests feed water
visitors
Bhushan Jayarao Extension Veterinarian Department
of Veterinary Science Pennsylvania State
University, University Park
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Personal hygiene practices on farm for
preventing illnesses
Wash hands with soap and water before and
after 1. Attending sick animals 2. Handling
animals 3. Manure handling
Dress and boots 1. Change into
farm boots on the farm 2. Wash farm boots
regularly 3. Leave farm boots on the farm
4. Wash and disinfect farm clothes
IF available shower before leaving the farm
Avoid drinking and eating on animal housing units
Bhushan Jayarao Extension Veterinarian Department
of Veterinary Science Pennsylvania State
University, University Park
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Agents of Bioterrorism