Sigmund%20Freud%20

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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory
But, before we get to Siggy himself, let us
consider
personality, which is
an individuals unique and relatively consistent
patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
- attempt to describe and explain how people are
similar, how they are different, and why every
individual is unique

• Issues w/ personality theory include
• time
• place
• translation

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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory
Emphasis on the unconscious processes and early
childhood experience

• criticisms today
• outdated
• unscientific
• cannot be proven
• sexist
• too much emphasis on sexuality
• too narrow
• Freud, himself, was stubborn

• thank him for
• exploring unconscious scientifically
• understanding importance of childhood experience
• significance of sexuality need to discuss
  openly

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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory

• Born 1856 in Morovia (today is Czech Republic)
• first of eight children
• family moved to Vienna at age 1
• mother (Amalie) was 20 years younger than father
  (Jacob)

• favored by mom
• anti-semitism

Family Photo, c. 1878 Freud is standing third
from left

• after medical school, studied hypnosis in Paris
  with Jacques Charcot
• return to Vienna in 1886 to open medical
  practice marries Martha Bernays

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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory
The story of Anna O.

• Josef Breuer Freuds early mentor
• develops concept of catharsis
• psychic release of energy

Anna O. hysteric - introduced to Freud by Breuer

• through hypnosis, Anna O. relieved of some
  symptoms
• falls in love with Breuer
• contributes to Freuds later theory
• coins term talking cure
• becomes social worker in Germany

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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory

• Finally his theory!
• Psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy
  and a theory of personality
• emphasizes unconscious motivation the main
  causes of behavior lie buried in the unconscious
  mind

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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory
Freuds iceberg analogy
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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory

• Conscious all things we are aware of at any
  given moment
• Preconscious everything that can, with a little
  effort, be brought into consciousness
• Unconscious inaccessible warehouse of
  anxiety-producing thoughts and drives

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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory

• Id - instinctual drives present at birth -
  biological
• does not distinguish between reality and fantasy
• operates according to the pleasure principle
• Ego - develops out of the id in infancy
• understands reality and logic
• mediator between id and superego

• Superego - societal
• internalization of societys moral standards
• responsible for guilt

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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory
Id the Pleasure Principle Pleasure principle -
drive toward immediate gratification, most
fundamental human motive Sources of energy Eros
- life instinct, perpetuates life Thanatos -
death instinct, aggression, self-destructive
actions Libido - sexual energy or motivation
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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory
Ego the Reality Principle Reality principle -
ability to postpone gratification in accordance
with demands of reality Ego - rational,
organized, logical, mediator to demands of reality
Can repress desires that cannot be met in an
acceptable manner
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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory
Superego the conscience (no, not conscious!) -
internalization of societal and parental values -
partially unconscious - can be harshly punitive
using feelings of guilt

• 2 parts
• conscience ? based on societal restraints, i.e.,
  punishments
• ego ideal ? image of perfect self being good
  because you are a good person

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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory
Ego Defense Mechanisms ego placed under stress by
battle between id (biological instincts) and
superego (societal rules)

• interested in neurotic anxiety (also identified
  realistic moral anxiety
• neurotic anxiety creates need for ego to protect
  itself
• unconscious mental processes employed by the ego
  to reduce anxiety

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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory Ego Defense
Mechanisms

• Repression - keeping anxiety-producing thoughts
  out of the conscious mind
• motivated forgetting
• after being caught cheating on math test
  freshman year, you can only remember a few
  events of freshman year

• Denial failure to recognize or acknowledge the
  existence of anxiety-producing information
• it never happened
• after getting news of terminal illness from
  doctor, claiming you never visited the doctor

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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory Ego Defense
Mechanisms

• Rationalization - reasoning away
  anxiety-producing thoughts
• the little white lie
• I would have done better if the teacher didnt
  suck

Displacement reducing anxiety by finding a
substitute target for your frustration/anger,
usually someone who less threatening - yelling at
your younger sibling because your parents
grounded you
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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory Ego Defense
Mechanisms

• Projection attributing undesirable qualities
  about oneself to others
• since you have been unable to get a job, you say
  students who work part-time are greedy
• despite poor grades, you call others stupid

Youre a chicken!!
Reaction Formation - replacing an unacceptable
wish or thought with its opposite - threatened
by growing attraction to girls, you pick on girls
and call them nasty names
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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory Ego Defense
Mechanisms

• Sublimation a form of displacement when
  undesirable sexual urges are replaced by
  productive non-sexual activities
• Freud believed all great accomplishments in
  history were forms of sublimation
• Freud developed his theory while avoiding sexual
  relations with his wife
• Michelangelo created his art to avoid dealing
  with his sexual orientation

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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory Stages of
Psychosexual Development

• Freuds five stages of personality development,
  each associated with a particular erogenous zone
• - area of the human body that has heightened
  sensitivity
• derive pleasure
• each stage may result in a fixation if inherent
  conflict is not resolved properly
• - an attempt to achieve pleasure as an adult in
  ways that are equivalent to how it was achieved
  in these stages ? caused by a stoppage in normal
  development through the stage

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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory Stages of
Psychosexual Development

• Stage 1 Oral Stage (birth to 1)
• erogenous zone ? mouth
• conflict ? weaning
• oral fixations ? smoking, chewing gum, sucking
  thumb, etc.
• oral passive ? quiet because they cannot change
  things
• oral aggressive ? loud because they feel they
  can change things

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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory Stages of
Psychosexual Development

• Stage 2 Anal Stage (1-3 years)
• erogenous zone
• conflict
• fixation ? anal retentive potty-trained too
  early
• as an adult ? fastidious, neat, typical
  obsessive-compulsive
• anal expulsive trained late
• - as an adult ? sloppy, careless, disorganized

anus
potty-training
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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory Stages of
Psychosexual Development

• Stage 3 Phallic Stage (3-7 years)
• first, whats a phallus?
• next dont count on a picture here! Instead,
• erogenous zone?

thats right, its a penis
? Ill give you a phallic symbol
the penis, whether you got one or not!
Wait a minute! Girls dont have a penis! What is
Freud talking about??
He must be a pervert!!
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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory Phallic
Stage

• But before we throw him completely under the bus
• focus turns to the genitals for both genders
• Oedipus Complex (or Electra Complex for girls)

- toddlers begin identification of normal
relationship as mother father
- boys want to marry their mothers, girls their
fathers
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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory Phallic
Stage

• Oedipus Complex
• boy wants to marry mom, but cannot ?
• dad is powerful because he has bigger ? symbol
  of power ? dad is stronger
• mom has no penis

DAD
what happened?
Thats right! Powerful dad cut it off!
Castration Anxiety fear that dad will cut off
the boys penis - need to kill dad to prevent
castration and get dad out of the way to marry
mom!
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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory Phallic
Stage

• Electra Complex
• girl always knew she did not begin with penis
• wants to marry dad ? no fear of mom ? not
  powerful
• does not need to kill mom just replace her
• instead becomes jealous of penis
• Penis Envy

Which is a more powerful force? Castration
Anxiety? Penis Envy?
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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory Phallic
Stage

• Fixations
• - Boys wins moms affection
• feminine, arrogant
• loses moms affection
• poor self-worth, may withdraw from sexual
  activity or try to be ladies man

• Girls wins dads affection
• masculine, vain, self-centered
• - loses dads affection
• - poor self-worth, acquiesce to demands,
  immature sexual behaviors

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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory Stages of
Psychosexual Development

• Stage 4 Latency Stage (7-12 years)
• - Sexuality is repressed
• Children participate in hobbies, school, and
  same-sex friendships
• Girls have cooties
• no fixations
• no conflicts
• need time to recover
• energy expended in
• last stage

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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory Stages of
Psychosexual Development

• Stage 5 Genital Stage (12 18 years)
• sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented
  toward others
• need to consummate normal sexual relationship
• healthy adults find pleasure in love and work,
  fixated adults have their energy tied up in
  earlier stages

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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory

• Techniques to get into the unconscious or what
  happens during psychoanalysis
• dreams Royal Road to the unconscious
• hypnosis
• parapraxes Freudian slips and doodlings
• free associations
• projective tests

• Talk therapy
• transference
• resistance
• catharsis

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