Dr. Sigmund Freud

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Dr. Sigmund Freud

• 6 May 1856
• 23 September 1939

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Born in Freiburg in Moravia
View of Freiburg
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Freuds birthplace
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Freud and his father, Jakob
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Freuds mother, Amalia
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Early Life

• 1859 Moves to Leipzig
• 1860 Moves to Vienna
• 3 brothers and 5 sisters
• 1865 Enters Leopoldstäter Real-und
  Obergymnasium, where he is a brilliant student
  from the outset
• 1873 Graduates by passing his exams most
  impressively
• 1876 Wins a research grant
• 1877 Joins Ernst Brücke, German physiologist
  teaching at the University of Vienna
• 1881 Obtains his medical degree

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Jakob Freuds Family, Vienna, 1878
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Trains at Vienna General Hospital, 1882-1885
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1885-1886

• Studies in France with French neurologist, Jean
  Martin Charcot
• They work at the mental hospital, the Salpêtrière
• 1886 Returns via Berlin, where he studies
  childrens diseases
• Opens private practice
• Marries Martha Bernays

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Jean Martin Charcot
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Charcot, La Leçon
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Engagement picture Martha Bernays
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1887-1900

• 1877 Mathilde born
• 1877 Meets Wilhelm Fliess
• 1888 Begins to publish papers
• 1889 Jean-Martin born
• 1891 Oliver born
• 1893 Sophie born
• 1893 The Alfred Dreyfus affair
• 1895 Anna born
• 1895 Studies on Hysteria, with Breuer
• 1896 The word psychoanalysis appears in print
  for the first time
• 1899/1900 The Interpretation of Dreams

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Wilhelm Fliess
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Josef Breuer
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Studies on Hysteria, 1895
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• psychoa'nalysis. Also with hyphen and (rare) as
  psychanalysis.
• ad. F. psychoanalyse (S. Freud 1896, in Rev.
  Neurologique IV. 166)
• see psycho- and analysis.
• Freud earlier used psychische analyse and
  klinischpsychologische analyse
• (Neurol. Centralbl. (1894) XIII. 364).
• A therapeutic method originated by Freud for
  treating disorders of the
• personality or behaviour by bringing into a
  patients consciousness his
• unconscious conflicts and fantasies (which are
  attributed chiefly to the
• development of the sexual instinct) through the
  free association of ideas,
• analysis and interpretation of dreams and
  parapraxes, etc., and allowing
• him to relive them by transference.
• b. A theory of personality and psychical life
  derived from this, based on
• concepts of the ego, id, and super-ego, the
  conscious, pre-conscious,
• and unconscious levels of the mind, and the
  repression of the sexual
• instinct more widely, a branch of psychology
  dealing with the
• unconscious.

Oxford English Dictionary
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The Interpretation of Dreams, 1899/1900
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1901-1910

• 1901/1904 The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
• 1902 Founds the Psychological Wednesday Society
• 1905 Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious
• 1905 Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
• 1907 Jung first visits Freuds home
• 1908 First International Congress of
  Psychoanalysts
• 1909 Little Hans, Rat Man
• 1910 Publishes more papers

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The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, 1901
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Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, 1905
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Karl Jung
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International Congress of Psychoanalysts, 1911
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1912-1918

• 1912 Founds Imago
• 1912Founds International Journal for Medical
  Psychoanalysis
• 1912 Break with Jung
• 1914 28 June, Austrias Archduke Ferdinand and
  his consort are assassinated at Sarajevo
• 23 July Austria issues ultimatum to Serbia war
  follows
• 4 August War becomes general.
• Freuds 3 sons volunteer for the army
• Late in the year Freuds loses enthusiasm for the
  war as general slaughter increases.
• 1915 Publishes several papers
• 1918 War Ends they stay in Vienna, cold and
  hungry
• 1918 Wolf Man

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War strips us of the later accretions of
civilization, and lays bare the primal man ine
ach of us. It compels us once more to be heroes
who cannot believe in their own death it stamps
strangers as enemies, whose death is to be
brought about or desired it tells us to
disregard the death of those we love. Thoughts
for the Times on War and Death, 1915
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Freud with sons, Ernest, left, and Martin, right.
Salzburg, August 1916
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The Psychoanalysis of War Neuroses, 1919
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Trench Warfare, WWI
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1920-1929

• 1920 Daughter Sophie dies in the influenza
  epidemic
• 1920 Beyond the Pleasure Principle
• 1921 Group Psychology and the Analysis of the
  Ego
• 1923 The Ego and the Id
• 1923 First operation on his jaw and palate
  (cancer)
• 1925 Daughter Anna goes to the Conventions
• 1926 Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety
• 1927 Riots and general strike in Vienna
• 1927 The Future of an Illusion
• 1929 Completes Civilization and Its Discontents
• 1929 Stock market crash in New York, October

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1930-1936

• 1930 Freud is awarded the prestigious Goethe
  prize
• 1930 14 September Nazis elected to the German
  Reichstag. Nazis becoming powerful in Austria
• 1931 Threatened collapse of the Austrian
  Credit-Anstalt, once very powerful.
• 1932 Einstein and Freud correspond their
  letters are published together as Why War in
  March 1933
• 1932 New Introductory Lectures on
  Psycho-Analysis
• 1933 Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany and
  launches Nazi Regime
• 1933, 10 May Book burnings at Berlins
  Opernplatz Freuds writings are included
• 1934, 25 July Attempted Nazi coup fails, but
  Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss is murdered. Kurt
  Schuschnigg takes over
• 1935 Austria repeals anti-Habsburg laws
• 1936 Freuds cancer returns he undergoes major
  operation

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Why War? Correspondence at the instance of the
League of Nations,on the possible prevention of
war, published March 1933
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Nazi book burnings at Berlins Opernplatz, 10 May
1933
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1938

• Freud refuses to believe that Nazis will invade
• 12 February Schuschnigg visits Hitler
• 9 March Schuschnigg announces a plebiscite on
  Austrian independence
• 11 March German ultimatum to Austria.
  Schuschnigg resigns. The Nazi Arthur
  Seyss-Inquart becomes Chancellor.
• 11 March Freud enters into his diary Finis
  Austriae
• 12 March Anschluss with Germany proclaimed
• 13 March Hitler in Vienna
• 22 March Anna Freud summoned to the Gestapo,
  then released
• 4 June Freud, his wife, and Anna take train to
  Paris
• 6 June They go to London. Moses and Monotheism
• 9-10 November Kristallnacht in Nazi Germany

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Freud and his daughter, Anna, 1916
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1939

• Freuds cancer returns. It is inoperable
• Freud closes his practice
• 1 September Germans invade Poland
• 3 September Britain and France declare war
• 21 September Freud is given injections of
  morphine by his physician, Max Schur
• 23 September Freud dies at 3 a.m.

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Freuds house in London
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A Simplified Outline of Freuds Ideas

• Complex thought
• Changed and rejected ideas over 50 years
• Schematic
• Structures of the human psyche

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The elements of the psyche

• The Id
• The Ego
• The Superego

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The areas of the mind

• The Unconscious
• The Preconscious
• The Conscious

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The fundamental instinctive drives

• Eros
• Thanatos

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An adaptive model of the individuals
relationship with the world, comprising

• The Pleasure Principle
• The Reality Principle

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A model of the individuals developmental cycle,
comprising the following phases

• Oral
• Anal
• Phallic
• Latent
• Genital

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These Systems

• Are related
• Are ontogenetic (part of a developmental sequence
  of the organism
• Undergo constant change in the normal life of an
  individual
• Posits a developmental history of the individual
  based on
• Individual and interaction of his/her various
  developmental forces and sequences
• The individual is, at the least, dialectically
  formed

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The Id

• A childs actions at birth are pure
  manifestations of the two major drives
• EROS (dominant at this stage)
• THANATOS,
• Driven to seek pleasure
• In search of immediate satisfaction
• The primary satisfaction it seeks is through its
  oral area, by putting things in its mouth
• The Id a repository for unconscious, primal
  drives

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The Ego

• Develops when the child realizes that it is
  separate from the world
• Regulates the relationship between the Id and the
  external world
• Conscious sense of self
• Rational monitor
• Constantly battered by the far stronger forces of
  the Id

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The Superego

• Develops as child matures
• Is empowered through major childhood crisis
• The Oedipal Phase
• Culture and gender biased
• Works through the development of guilt and
  anxiety
• The Superego becomes the ally of the Ego
• Is powered by the Death Principle
• Becomes stronger than it needs to be
• Ego must now negotiate among both the Id and
  Superego, and the real world

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Forces of Instinct

• The hydraulic analogy
• Redirected but not obliterated
• Sublimation work, music, cleanliness,
  civilization
• Neurosis

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Freud and Vienna

• Austrian cultural sphere
• Large, compact, industrialized only in 19th c.
• Heterogeneous population
• Large Jewish population
• Talmudic tradition
• Abstract reasoning
• University trained
• German speaking
• Viennese coffee houses
• Psychoanalysis sprang from medicine, psychology,
  philosophy, anthropology, classical studies
• Slums, ghettoes
• After WWI