Title: Population Geography
1Population Geography
- Distribution of World Population
- Population Statistics
- Population Pyramids
- Demographic Transition Theory
- Population Control
- Overpopulation (Malthus and Neo-Malthusians
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4Arithmetic Density the total number of people
per a unit of land area. U.S. 76/mi2
NYC1,000,000/mi2 Australia 7/mi2 Physiologica
l Density the total number of people per a unit
of arable (farmable) land.
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6World and Country Population Totals
- Distribution and Structure 3/4 of people live on
5 of earth's surface! - Total 6.6 billion on planet as of 2007
- Current Population Counter
- Five most populous regions and countries
- REGION POPULATION COUNTRY POPULATION
- East Asia 1.5 billion China 1.254 billion
- South Asia 1.2 billion India 986 million
- Europe 750 million U.S. 274 million
- SE Asia 500 million Indonesia 206 million
- East N. Am.120 million Brazil 168 million
7Ecumene
Ecumene, or portion of the earths surface that
has permanent human settlement has expanded to
cover most of the earths land area.
Expansion of the Ecumene 5000 BC - AD 1900
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11Rates of Natural Increase
12Birth Control Programs
- One family/one child policies
- Female infanticide
- Social compensation fees
- Sterilization
- Loss of status
- Termination healthcare/food coupons
- Free birth control
- Increased literacy
13World Death Rates
- Infectious diseases
- HIV/AIDS
- SARS
- Degenerative diseases
- Obesity
- Tobacco use
- Epidemiological transition
14Epidemiologic Transition
- Stages 1 and 2
- Infectious and parasitic disease.
- natural checks according to Malthus
- Stages 3 and 4
- Degenerative and human created disease.
- Increase in chronic disorders associated with
aging (heart attack, etc) - Possible Stage 5
- Reemergence of infectious and parasitic disease.
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16Doubling Times
- The doubling time is the number of years before a
population will be twice as large as it is today. - World 50
- U.S. 34
- MDC 543
- LDC 40
- Honduras 22
- Belize 19
- Denmark 700
- Russia never?
17Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
PalestinianTerritories Fertility Rate
1975-1980 7.39
1980-1985 7.00
1985-1990 6.43
1990-1995 6.46
1995-2000 5.99
2000-2005 5.57
- Amount of children a women will have on average
during her child bearing years. - High infant mortality tends to result in higher
fertility rates as families seek insurance for
the loss of children.
U.K. Total fertility rate
1975-1980 1.72
1980-1985 1.80
1985-1990 1.81
1990-1995 1.78
1995-2000 1.70
2000-2005 1.66
Africa Fertility Rate
1975-1980 6.60
1980-1985 6.45
1985-1990 6.11
1990-1995 5.67
1995-2000 5.26
2000-2005 4.97
18Infant Mortality
19Adults and Children Living with AIDS, 2004
20Demographic Transition Model www.prb.org/pdf04/tra
nsitionsinWorldPop.pdf The demographic
transition consists of four stages, which move
from high birth and death rates, to declines
first in death rates then in birth rates, and
finally to a stage of low birth and death rates.
Population growth is most rapid in the second
stage.
21The Demographic Transition
- The Demographic Transition
- 1. Low growth 3. Moderate growth
- 2. High growth 4. Low growth
- Population pyramids
- Age distribution
- Sex ratio
- Countries in different stages of demographic
transition - Demographic transition and world population
growth
22Demographic Transition Model
- Stage one
- Crude birth/death rate high
- Fragile population
- Stage two
- Lower death rates
- Infant mortality rate
- Natural increase high
- Stage three
- Indicative of richer developed countries
- Higher standards of living/education
- Stage Four
- CBR and CDR are at equilibrium or almost
- ZPG Zero Pop. Growth
- Most Northern and Western Euro countries
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24Rapid Growth in Cape Verde
- Cape Verde, which entered stage 2 of the
demographic transition in about 1950, is
experiencing rapid population growth. Its
population history reflects the impacts of
famines and out-migration.
25Moderate Growth in Chile
- Chile entered stage 2 of the demographic
transition in the 1930s, and it entered stage 3
in the 1960s.
26Low Growth in Denmark
- Denmark has been in stage 4 of the demographic
transition since the 1970s, with little
population growth since then. Its population
pyramid shows increasing numbers of elderly and
few children.
27Stage One
- Pre-industrial
- CBR and CDR high and fluctuate according to
natural events and disasters. - Population is a constant and young pop.
28Stage Two
- Death rates drop improvements in food supply,
sanitation, etc. - Birth rates do not drop causes an imbalance so
there is a large increase in population.
29Stage Three
- Birth rates fall
- Access to contraception
- Increase in wages
- Urbanization
- Move away from subsistence agriculture.
- Education of women
- Population growth begins to level off
30Stage Four
- Low birth AND low death.
- Birth rates may drop below replacement levels
(Japan and Italy) which may lead to negative
population growth. - Large group born during stage 2 ages creates a
burden on the smaller working population.
31Soooo.
- A cycle in a way from 1 to 4
- Difference in Stage 1 CBR and CDR are high in
Stage 4 they are low. - Difference total population of a country is
higher in Stage 4 than in Stage 1
32The Demographic Transition in England
- Now Stage 4
- Historically
- Stage 1 Low growth until 1750
- Stage 2 High growth 1750-1880
- Stage 3 Moderate growth 1880-early 1970s
- Stage 4 Early 1970s-present. Long time below
the 2.1 Total Fertility Rate needed for
replacement.
33- Problems with the Demographic Transition Model
- based on European experience, assumes all
countries will progress to complete
industrialization - many countries reducing growth rate dramatically
without increase in wealth - on the other hand, some countries stuck in
stage 2 or stage 3 - it is not an exact science!!!!!!!!
34Remember Demographic Transition is not only
dependent on CBR and CDR but also on in and out
migration!!!!
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39Population Shift
40Overpopulation
- When consumption of natural resources by people
outstrip the ability of a natural region to
replace those natural resources.
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42Thomas Malthus on Population
- Malthus predicted
- population would outrun food supply
- decrease in food per person.
- Assumptions
- Populations grow exponentially.
- Food supply grows arithmetically.
- Food shortages and chaos inevitable.
43Population J-Curve
44Population and Resource Consumption
45The End