KEWIRAUSAHAAN dan Etika Bisnis

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KEWIRAUSAHAAN dan Etika Bisnis

• Manajemen dan Bisnis
• Fakultas Ekonomi
• Universitas Padjadjaran
• Bandung

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Business

• An organisation that provides goods or services
  to earn profit

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Profits

• The difference between a businesss revenues and
  its expenses
• In business profit could be divine into
• Tangible Asset, Money, Factory, etc
• Intangible Trust, Image, Goodwill, etc

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Top 5 pengusaha Indonesia

1. Keluarga Gudang Garam
2. Keluarga Djarum
3. Keluarga Sampoerna
4. Keluarga Bakrie
5. Group Salim

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USAHA KECIL
ONE MAN ENTERPRISE
D E V E L O P M E N T
FAMILY ENTERPRISE
SMALL SCALE ENTERPRISE
MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISE
BIG SCALE ENTERPRISE
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AKTIVITAS USAHA KECIL

• PRODUCT PRODUCING FIRMS
• MANUFACTURING
• MINING
• FORESTRY
• FISHERY
• AGRICULTURE

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AKTIVITAS USAHA KECIL 2

• B. PRODUCER OF PRODUCT AND SERVICE COMBINATION
• WHOLESALE FIRMS
• RETAIL STORE
• C. PROVIDER OF SERVICE
• SERVICE FIRMS
• FINANCE FIRMS

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ENTREPRENEUR
SESEORANG YANG MEMPUNYAI KREATIVITAS SUATU
BISNIS BARU DALAM MENGHADAPI RESIKO DAN
KETIDAKPASTIAN YANG BERTUJUAN UNTUK
PENCAPAIAN LABA DAN PERTUMBUHAN USAHA BERDASARKAN
IDENTIFIKASI PELUANG DAN MENDAYAGUNAKAN
SUMBER-SUMBER SERTA MEMODALI PELUANG TERSEBUT
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CIRI-CIRI ENTREPRENEUR

• MEMPUNYAI HASRAT UNTUK SELALU BERTANGGUNG JAWAB
  BISNIS DAN SOSIAL
• KOMITMEN TERHADAP TUGAS
• MEMILIH RESIKO YANG MODERAT
• MERAHASIAKAN KEMAMPUAN UNTUK SUKSES
• CEPAT MELIHAT PELUANG

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CIRI-CIRI ENTREPRENEUR 2

• ORIENTASI KE MASA DEPAN
• SELALU MELIHAT KEMBALI PRESTASI MASA LALU
• SIKAP HAUS TERHADAP MONEY
• SKILL DALAM ORGANISASI
• TOLERANSI TERHADAP AMBISI
• FLEKSIBILITAS TINGGI

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CIRI-CIRI PERUSAHAAN KECIL

• MANAJEMEN BERDIRI SENDIRI
• MODAL DISEDIAKAN OLEH SEORANG PEMILIK ATAU
  SEKELOMPOK KECIL
• DAERAH OPERASINYA LOKAL
• UKURAN DALAM KESELURUHAN RELATIF KECIL

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PERBEDAAN DENGAN PERUSAHAAN BESAR

• PERUSAHAAN KECIL
• UMUMNYA DIKELOLA PEMILIK
• STRUKTUR ORGANISASI SEDERHANA
• PEMILIK MENGENAL KARYAWAN
• PROSENTASE KEGAGALAN PERUSAHAAN TINGGI
• KEKURANGAN MANAJER yang AHLI
• Modal JANGKA PANJANG SULIT DIPEROLEH

• PERUSAHAAN BESAR
• DIKELOLA BUKAN OLEH PEMILIK
• STRUKTUR ORGANISASI KOMPLEKS
• PEMILIK MENGENAL SEDIKIT KARYAWAN
• PROSENTASI KEGAGALAN RENDAH
• BANYAK AHLI MANAJEMEN
• MODAL JANGKA PANJANG RELATIF MUDAH DIPEROLEH

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KEKUATAN PERUSAHAAN KECIL

• KEBEBASAN UNTUK BERTINDAK
• MENYESUAIKAN KEPADA KEBUTUHAN SETEMPAT
• PERAN SERTA DALAM MELAKUKAN USAHA/TINDAKAN

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KEKURANGAN PERUSAHAAN KECIL

• RELATIF LEMAH DALAM SPESIALISASI
• MODAL DALAM PENGEMBANGAN TERBATAS
• KARYAWAN RELATIF SULIT UNTUK MENDAPAT YANG CAKAP

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FAKTOR-FAKTOR KEBERHASILAN USAHA

• MENGEMBANGKAN RENCANA PERUSAHAAN
• KEMAMPUAN MANAJEMEN
• MEMENUHI KEBUTUHAN MODAL

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UNSUR UTAMA DALAM RENCANA USAHA

• A. PROFIL PRIBADI
• KELAYAKAN KREDI, REFERENSI-REFERENSI
• RESUME TENTANG PENGALAMAN PERUSAHAAN
• REFERENSI-REFERENSI PRIBADI

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UNSUR UTAMA DALAM RENCANA USAHA 2

• B. PROFIL PERUSAHAAN
• SEJARAH PERUSAHAAN
• ANALISIS PASAR DAN PESAING
• STRATEGI PERSAINGAN DAN RENCANA OPERASI
• RENCANA ARUS KAS CASH FLOW
• ANALISA BREAK EVENT

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UNSUR UTAMA DALAM RENCANA USAHA 3

• C. PAKET PINJAMAN
• JUMLAH YANG DIMINTA
• JENIS PINJAMAN YANG DIMINTA
• ALASAN PEMBENARAN
• KETENTUAN-KETENTUAN DAN JADWAL PEMBAYARAN KEMBALI

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KEMAMPUAN MANAJEMEN

• PERSONIL
• FASILITAS FISIK
• AKUNTANSI
• KEUANGAN
• PEMBELIAN
• PENGURUSAN BARANG DAGANGAN
• PENJUALAN
• ADVERTENSI
• RESIKO
• PENYELENGGARAAN SEHARI-HARI

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JENIS MODAL

• MODAL KERJA (WORKING CAPITAL)
• MODAL PEMILIK (EQUITY CAPITAL)
• MODAL SENDIRI
• MODAL VENTURA

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SEBAB-SEBAB KEGAGALAN

• STRUKTUR MODAL YANG TIDAK MEMADAI
• PENGGUNAAN METODA DAN PERALATAN YANG SUDAH USANG
• TIDAK ADANYA PERENCANAAN JANGKA PANJANG
• KECAKAPAN PRIBADI

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TANDA-TANDA KEGAGALAN PERUSAHAAN

• PENJUALAN MENURUN
• PERBANDINGAN UTANG SEMAKIN TINGGI
• BIAYA OPERASI MENINGKAT
• PENGURANGAN DALAM MODAL KERJA
• KEUNTUNGAN MENURUN/ KERUGIAN MENINGKAT

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SOLUSI UNTUK MENGHINDARI KEGAGALAN

• MENGURANGI BIAYA OPERASI
• MENINGKATKAN PENJUALAN
• MENINJAU KEMBALI KERUGIAN KREDIT
• MENGHINDARI RESIKO
• MEMERIKSA KEMBALI PERSEDIAAN

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THE MEANING OF ETHICS

• Ethics is a set of rules that define right and
  wrong conduct
• Business ethics is the application of general
  ethical rules to business behavior

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Why Is Business Ethics Important?

• The general public expects business to exhibit
  high levels of ethical performance and social
  responsibility
• To prevent harm to society
• To protect business firms from abuse by unethical
  employees or unethical competitors

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Why Ethical Problems Occur in Business?

• Personal gain
• Individual values in conflict with organizational
  goals
• Managers values and attitudes
• Competitive Pressures
• Cross-cultural contradictions

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Three Methods of Ethical Reasoning
METHOD CRITICAL DETERMINING FACTOR AN ACTION IS ETHICAL WHEN LIMITATIONS
Utilitarian Comparing benefits and profits Net benefits exceed net costs Difficult to measure some human and social costs. Majority may disregard rights of minority
Rights Respecting rights Basic human rights are respected Difficult to balance conflicting rights
Justice Distributing fair shares Benefits and costs are fairly distributed Difficult to measure benefits and costs. Lack of agreement on fair shares
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Social Responsibility...

• an organizations obligation to maximize its
  positive impact on stakeholders and to minimize
  its negative impact
• includes legal, ethical, economic, and
  philanthropic (discretionary) dimensions

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Legal Dimension...

• refers to obeying governmental laws and
  regulations
• civil law rights duties of individuals and
  organizations
• criminal law prohibits specific actions and
  imposes fines and/or imprisonment as punishment
  for breaking the law

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Ethical Dimension...

• behaviors and activities that are expected or
  prohibited by organizational members, the
  community, and society (not codified into law)
• standards, norms, or expectations that reflect
  the concern of major stakeholders

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Economic Responsibilities...

• how resources for the production of goods and
  services are distributed within the social system
• Do you think consumers favor socially responsible
  companies or are they most enamored with
  companies that maximize profits?

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Foundation principles of corporate social
responsibility
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The pros and cons of corporate social
responsibility
Arguments for corporate social responsibility
Arguments against corporate social responsibility
Balances corporate power with responsibility.
Lowers economic efficiency and profit.
Discourages government regulation.
Imposes unequal costs among competitors.
Promotes long-term profits for business.
Imposes hidden costs passed on to stakeholders.
Responds to changing stakeholders demands.
Requires social skills business may lack.
Corrects social problems caused by business.
Places responsibility on business rather than
individuals.
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Two views of corporate social responsibility

• The shareholder view
• The only social responsibility of business is to
  create shareholder wealth.
• Corporate management cannot decide what is in
  the social interest.
• The costs of social responsibility which do not
  increase the value of stock, will be passed on
  to consumers.
• The multiple stakeholders view
• All customers and employees are treated with
  dignity.
• Relationships with suppliers must be based on
  mutual trust.
• Belief in fair economic competition.
• Business can contribute to social reform and
  honor human rights.