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Yellow Journalism

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Title: Yellow Journalism


1
Yellow Journalism
  • The role of U.S. newspapers in the
    Spanish-American War.

Power point created by Robert L. Martinez
http//library.syr.edu/digital/images/s/StreetAndS
mith/YellowKid/yellow6.jpg
2
The Yellow Kid
  • In the late 1800s, one of the best-known New
    Yorkers was not a person at all. He was the
    Yellow Kid, a character in a wildly popular
    newspaper comic strip.
  • For a time, the Yellow Kid appeared in 2
    newspapers at once, the New York World and the
    New York Journal.

http//www.homines.com/comic/comic_01/yellow_kid.j
pg
3
Newspaper War
  • The struggle over the Yellow Kid was part of a
    larger newspaper war in New York City during
    the 1890s.
  • Joseph Pulitzer, the publisher of the World faced
    off against William Randolph Hearst.

http//www.all-science-fair-projects.com/science_f
air_projects_encyclopedia/upload/a/a8/YellowKid.jp
eg
4
  • The artist who created the Yellow Kid, R.F.
    Outcalt, first sold his comic in 1895 to
    Pulitzers World.

http//library.syr.edu/digital/images/s/StreetAndS
mith/YellowKid/yellow5.jpg
5
  • The comic was set in New Yorks poor,
    rough-and-tumble ethnic neighborhoods and
    featured a bald-headed street urchin dressed in a
    bright yellow nightshirt.
  • The Yellow Kid was an instant success.

http//library.syr.edu/digital/images/s/StreetAndS
mith/YellowKid/yellow10.jpg
6
Comic Strips
  • Newspaper comics were new at the time, and
    Pulitzers World enjoyed a huge jump in sales.

http//www.komix.it/images/fumetto/Yellow_Kid.jpg
7
  • Not to be outdone, Hearst lured Outcalt to the
    Journal by promising him more money.
  • In response, Pulitzer hired another cartoonist to
    draw his own version of the cartoon.

http//www.babyboomers.it/images/the20yellow20ki
d.jpg
8
Yellow Papers
  • Before long, the two newspapers were flooded with
    images of the Yellow Kid and became known as the
    Yellow Kid Papers or Yellow Papers.

http//www.spanamwar.com/Hearstpulitzer.JPG
9
Yellow Journalism
  • The rivalry between the World and the Journal
    extended beyond the Yellow Kid cartoons.
  • In their struggle to attract readers, the two
    Yellow Papers developed an exaggerated style of
    reporting.
  • Their sensational news stories soon became known
    as yellow journalism.

http//www.guiadecuba.com/images/subs/joseph-pulit
zer.jpg
10
  • Among these stories were news reports about other
    countries.
  • One favorite subject was the brutal suppression
    of a rebellion in Cuba against Spanish rule.
  • Yellow journalism helped inflame public support
    for going to war against Spain.

http//www.historyofcuba.com/gallery/gal5.htm
11
  • The island of Cuba lies just 90 miles off the
    coast of Florida, in the Caribbean Sea.
  • It was founded as a Spanish colony by Christopher
    Columbus in 1492 and later became one of the
    worlds leading sugar producers.
  • Hundreds of thousands of slaves worked on its
    plantations.

http//amistad.mysticseaport.org/library/images/pe
ople/blockson.slave.trade.jpg
12
  • For over three centuries, Cuba was part of
    Spains vast empire.
  • But by the late 1800s, there were just two
    Spanish colonies in the Americas the islands of
    Puerto Rico and Cuba.
  • A growing independence movement was threatening
    Spanish rule in Cuba.

http//www.flickr.com/photos/alphadesigner/2817805
06/
13
  • During the 1800s, many Cubans had voiced a desire
    for self-rule.
  • In 1868, a revolutionary group made up of poor
    whites, free blacks, and slaves demanded
    independence from Spain, including the end of
    slavery.
  • Spain rejected these demands, eventually crushing
    the revolt.

http//www.cuba-junky.com/foto-algemeen/black20sl
aves1.jpg
14
  • Spain tried to ease tensions by agreeing to
    limited government reforms.
  • It gave Cubans some representation in the
    government, and it abolished slavery in 1886.

http//www.cubacultura.org/images/cats/slavery2-12
5.jpg
15
  • Meanwhile, Cuba was coming under the economic
    influence of the United States.
  • By the mid-1890s, American investment in Cubas
    sugar plantations had reached millions of
    dollars.
  • American investors were therefore nervous about
    the islands political instability.

http//www.historyofcuba.com/images/race/Cane.jpg
16
Cuba Libra
  • In 1895, Cubans rebelled again.
  • This 2nd struggle for independence was led by
    Jose Marti, a Cuban poet, journalist, and
    statesman.

http//www.vacances-sejour.ch/cuba/marti/jose-mart
i-34.jpg
17
  • Like bones to the human bodyso is liberty the
    essence of life. Whatever is done without it is
    imperfect.
  • Jose Marti

http//www.vacances-sejour.ch/cuba/marti/jose-mart
i-47.jpg
18
  • Forced to leave Cuba because of his revolutionary
    activities.
  • Marti lived in the U.S. from 1881 to 1895.
  • Even while leaving in exile, Marti inspired his
    fellow Cubans with calls for liberty.
  • In 1895, Marti sailed back to Cuba to lead the
    revolt but was soon killed in combat.

http//www.sharlot.org/exhibits/1898/makingawar.ht
m
19
  • The Cuban rebels engaged in guerilla warfare,
    launching surprise attacks against Spanish forces
    and fading back into the countryside.

http//projects.vassar.edu/1896/cubanpatriots.gif
20
  • In 1896, Spain sent a new commander, General
    Weyler, to eliminate public support for the
    rebels, Weyler forced thousands of Cubans into
    concentration camps.
  • These overcrowded, unsanitary prison camps
    provided little food or shelter, causing
    thousands of deaths from disease and starvation.

http//www.humboldt.edu/jcb10/spanwar.shtml
21
  • Many Americans sympathized with the rebellion,
    seeing it as a struggle for freedom, like the
    American Revolution.

http//courses.fresno.edu/tbese/ntaylor/3americanr
evolutiondrum.jpg
22
  • Meanwhile, investors feared that the political
    unrest was putting their Cuban investments and
    property at risk.

http//web.usf.edu/lc/MOOs/cuba/cuba01.jpg
23
  • Despite public calls for the U.S. to intervene in
    Cuba, President Cleveland followed a policy of
    strict neutrality.

President Cleveland
http//www.flickr.com/photos/piedmont_fossil/55427
2740/
24
  • When William Mckinley was elected president in
    1896, he hoped to maintain neutrality.
  • But that would be difficult as the public
    increasingly called for the U.S. to help the
    rebels.

President McKinley
http//www.tcapsule.com/y2k/Hear_a_Sample_/mckinle
y-150p.jpg
25
  • Most Americans learned about the events in Cuba
    through newspapers and magazines.
  • At the time, these were the only forms of mass
    media methods of communicating to a mass
    (large) audience.

http//www.inmagine.com/thumbnails/photodisc/pdil1
45/pdil145028.jpg
http//www.iphotocentral.com/Photos/VintageWorks_I
mages/Thumb/6791VandorPaperBoy.jpg
26
  • Many newspapers were not as careful in their
    reporting as they are today.
  • To sell newspapers, publishers like Joseph
    Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst
    sensationalized the news.

http//www.humboldt.edu/jcb10/Nekkid.jpeg
27
Please remain. You furnish the pictures and I'll
furnish the war.
Hearst
  • - Replied William Randolph Hearst, when war
    correspondent and illustrator Frederic Remington
    telegraphed from Cuba reporting that no war was
    imminent.

http//www.flickr.com/photos/pantufla/334585126/
28
  • Both the New York World and the New York Journal
    saw reporting on the Cuban rebellion as a good
    way to gain new readers.

http//static.hcrhs.k12.nj.us/images/mcjournalism/
NewYorkJournal.jpg
29
  • Reporters and artists were encouraged to stretch
    the truth about the bravery of Cuban rebels and
    the horrors of Spanish rule, especially General
    the Butcher Wylers brutality.

http//www.bsu.edu/web/ksmith/images/sp-amwarcubac
artoon.gif
30
  • Many readers were shocked by these reports.
  • Some demanded that the U.S. help Cuba win
    independence.
  • In this way, yellow journalism helped stir public
    support for U.S. intervention to aid the rebels.

newspaper.jpg
http//www.995.ca/images/surprised.jpg
31
De Lome Letter
  • On February 9, 1898, Hearsts New York Journal
    published a stolen letter written by Spanish
    Ambassador de Lome, calling President McKinley
    weak and catering to the rabble and, besides, a
    low politician.

http//www.spanamwar.com/delome.JPG
32
  • Americans were offended by this criticism of
    their president.
  • The publishing of this letter intensified
    anti-Spanish feelings in the U.S. and underscored
    the power of the press to inflame public opinion.

http//www.humboldt.edu/jcb10/spanwar.shtml
33
Remember the Maine
  • Not long after the De Lome affair, a much more
    alarming incident occurred the sinking of the
    battleship USS Maine in Havana harbor.
  • Newspapers around the country responded with
    calls of vengeance.

http//www.humboldt.edu/jcb10/spanwar.shtml
34
USS Maine
  • On February 15, a tremendous explosion rocked the
    battleship.
  • More than 260 sailors died form the blast.

http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e8/Worl
d98.jpg
35
  • An official navy investigation began immediately,
    but the Journal and other newspapers immediately
    blamed Spain.
  • Hearsts paper published articles under such
    headlines as The Maine Was Destroyed by
    Treachery and The Whole Country Thrills with
    War Fever.

http//www.socialstudieshelp.com/Images/MaineHeadl
ine.gif
36
  • In March, the navy issued its report on the
    sinking of the Maine. Though the evidence was
    sketchy, navy investigators concluded that the
    explosion was caused by an underwater mine.
  • The report did not suggest who was responsible.

http//www.sharlot.org/exhibits/1898/images/resamp
led/JournalCoverMil211b.JPG
37
  • In 1976, navy researchers who studied the
    incident concluded that heat from a fire in a
    coal bin exploded a nearby supply of ammunition.

http//www.flickr.com/photos/jsnphotos/482097945/
http//www.uoregon.edu/caguirre/maine_explosion.j
pg
38
  • Despite McKinleys attempt to avoid war by
    armistice (a cessation of hostilities), under
    great public pressure, he asks Congress to
    declare war.

http//www.whitehousemuseum.org/floor2/treaty-room
-1898.jpg
39
  • Congress passed a resolution, a formal statement
    about a course of action, recognizing Cuban
    independence and authorizing military force, if
    necessary, to liberate Cuba.

http//www.humboldt.edu/jcb10/spanwar.shtml
40
Declaration of War
  • On April 25, 1898, Congress declares war on Spain.

http//static.hcrhs.k12.nj.us/images/mcjournalism/
NewYorkJournall.jpg
41
  • American newspapers exaggerated stories about the
    Cuban revolt to play on public sympathies and
    sell newspapers.
  • Yellow journalism helped push the country toward
    war.

Nasty little printer's devils spew forth from
the Hoe press in this Puck cartoon of Nov. 21,
1888.
42
The short war begins
A Splendid Little War
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